Van Amstel Final Flashcards
You are presented with an 8 month old Boer goat selected for breeding showing the following signs: Intermittent straining, vocalization and dribbling urine for at least past 2 days. The goat had been fed 4 pounds of sweet feed/day. The owner wants to keep the goat for breeding purposes. Which of the following actions is most critical.
a. Ultrasound the kidneys
b. Look for pitting edema in perineal area
c. Cut urethral process
d. Do blood potassium
b. Look for pitting edema in perineal area
* Palpate abdomen and feel for distended abdomen* à ruptured urethra; chances that he will be a successful stud are low, recommend keeping as pet
* Next step: C (looking for struvite stones) then D for pre-op evalution*
Which one of the following should you do first to expedite a diagnosis and prognosis for a 12 month old blocked goat which lives on pasture/browse showing some abdominal distention. No palpable perineal swelling.
a. Do ventral abdominal stab and drain fluid
b. Check blood BUN & Creat
c. Do centesis and measure UN in fluid
d. Do emergency laparotomy.
e. Take a xray to check for calcium stones in urethra
e. Take a xray to check for calcium stones in urethra
Ca stones likely due to diet, want to look for stones and determine how many.
- Many stones + ruptured bladder -> euthanasia? Few stones = lithotripsy or endoscopic removal possible.*
- If it was a ruptured bladder, this is not an emergency in ruminants (rupture location = dorsal aspect) and can resolve spontaneously. However here laparotomy required to drain, if this was a camelid fenestrated drape works because omentum doesn’t clog the drain like it does in ruminants.*
Which of the following is false:
- The gastrocnemius muscle extends the hock and flex the stifle.
- Overextension of the hock may indicate peroneus tertius rupture
- Stall rest is a viable treatment for gastrocnemius rupture in small goats and antelopes
- Boer goats are more susceptible to urethral stone formation than Anglo Nubian goats
- Ammonium chloride may cause a hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis
e. Ammonium chloride may cause a hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis
- Chloride will cause an ACIDOSIS!*
- Anglo Nubian goats have the LOWEST risk of Ca stone formation*
Which one of the following is the best treatment for urolithiasis caused by struvite obstruction
a. Retrograde flushing of the urethra using walpoles solution
b. Cutting the urethral process followed by oral ammonium chloride
c. Marsupialize the bladder
d. Do a vesico-preputial anastomosis
e. Do tube cystotomy
e. Do tube cystotomy
To remove stones from the bladder + normograde flushing to remove from urethra; B is not a long-term option; D ok if not breeding goat
Which of the following is the best treatment for multiple calcium stone obstruction?
a. Do urine diversion surgery
b. Do a tube cystotomy
c. Flush the bladder repeatedly with Walpoles solution
d. Do lithotripsy
e. Do urethral process amputation
a. Do urine diversion surgery
Can do vesico-prepucial anastomosis or modified perineal urethrostomy (NOT distal urethrostomy, will stricture)
Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic urethral obstruction?
a. Bladder atony
b. Bladder rupture
c. Hydronephrosis
d. Urethral rupture
e. Hypernatremia
e. Hypernatremia
* Causes hyponatremia (also hypochloridemia and hyperkalemia)*
Which of the following is a viable option for a goat with struvite obstruction and a tube cystotomy that did not become unblocked after 3 weeks of care?
a. Do marsupialization
b. Do low perineal urethrostomy
c. Do a second tube cystotomy
d. Do long term tube cystotomy
e. Do contrast urethrogram to check for stricture
d. Do long term tube cystotomy
Which of the following is False
a. Fusobacterium can survive in wet conditions for a prolonged period
b. Dichelobacter can only survive away from the carrier animal for a short period <14 days
c. Dichelobacter can live in infected horn for prolonged periods
d. Dichelobacter is the cause of foot rot in cattle
e. Interdigital dermatitis is a polybacterial condition from which several species of bacteria including spirochetes can be cultured in cattle
d. Dichelobacter is the cause of foot rot in cattle
This is the cause in small ruminants, in cows it’s polybacterial (Spirochetes + Fusobacerium + Bacteriodes) (extending up digital tissues)
Which of the following is false?
a. Differentials for hard bag include mastitis and spontaneous milker
b. CAE is an oncogenic retro virus
c. CAE can be neutralized by heating milk to 56 C for 30 minutes
d. The virus can be spread through injections using the same needle
e. Carpal joints are commonly affected in CAE
b. CAE is an oncogenic retro virus
BLV in cattle = oncogenic retrovirus, CAE is not oncogenic but it is a retrovirus
Which is the best control method for Foot rot in small ruminants.
a. Vaccinate every 3 weeks during spring and summer
b. Cull the chronic sheep
c. Treat all affected sheep with Tulathramycin for 7 days
d, Trim all sheep
e. Footbath all sheep once a week with formaldehyde
b. Cull the chronic sheep
Those non-responsive to foot baths, ABs, and trimming.
Which of the following is False
a. Delaying castration will prevent urolithiasis
b. Marsupialization can cause severe urine scald
c. Ammonium chloride will reduce urine pH after a lag phase of several days
d. Anabolic steroids predispose to stone formation
e. Hyperkalemia cause dropped P waves and tented T waves on ECG
a. Delaying castration will prevent urolithiasis
Which of the following is False?
a. The success of long term indwelling Foley is largely dependent on owner compliance
b. Overfilled bladder can often be diagnosed on external abdominal palpation
c. Pitting edema is one way to identify water belly
d. A sheep with chronic foot rot should not be trimmed
e. Fusobacterium is a gram negative anaerobe
d. A sheep with chronic foot rot should not be trimmed
Do not trim unaffected sheep alongside affected sheep; trim affected at the end and sterilize equipment and clean shoots, spray with phenol to kill bugs (remember cannot live away from host for >14d)
All of the statements are true except
a. Open mouth breathing in alpacas represents a severe problem since they are obligate nasal breathers
b. BCS of 3 in a lactating goat is normal
c. IM injections in the back of the leg in goats should not be used as a routine
d. The correct site for tail amputation in sheep to prevent rectal prolapse is sacro-coccidial
e. Both the infratrochlear and cornual nerves should be blocked for disbudding in goats
d. The correct site for tail amputation in sheep to prevent rectal prolapse is sacro-coccidial
Thisn location predisposes to rectal prolapse. Correct location = between C1 and C2. Tail docking is necessary dye to fly strike, esp in sheep.
All of the statements are false except
a. True floppy kid syndrome is characterized by hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis
b. True floppy kid syndrome is usually associated with prematurity
c. Hypoglycemia in goats occurs when the blood glucose drops to below 120
d. Administration of bicarb intravenously is a correct form of treatment for true floppy kid syndrome
e. True floppy kid results from lactic acidosis from anaerobic metabolism muscle tissue
d. Administration of bicarb intravenously is a correct form of treatment for true floppy kid syndrome
- Given to reverse acidosis. Also administer vit E selenium and antibiotics.*
- Floppy kid = depression, weakness, flaccid paralysis, abdominal distension. Caused by overconsumption of milk and infectious agent (clostridium, E.coli)*
All statements are true except
a. Isotonic bicarb is indicated as the fluid of choice in cases where blood pH is less than 7.2
b. Leucopenia/degenerative left shift/high fibrinogen are often associated with sepsis
c. In case of sepsis neonates are often unable to maintain blood glucose
d. New born goat kids usually only have enough brown fat for 5 hours to maintain their blood glucose
e. Subcutaneous dextrose is an acceptable treatment for acute hypoglycemia (glucose < 50)
e. Subcutaneous dextrose is an acceptable treatment for acute hypoglycemia (glucose < 50)
Tx= IV or IP dextrose
