Ruminants/food animal (French) Flashcards
In a heavily gravid cow the uterus displaces the rumen _______ and the abomasum ______.
Dorsally
Cranially
What prevents milk from entering the rumen in a suckling calf?
Esophageal groove
When is the rumen functional in a calf?
Once grain is introduced
For how long should you auscult the rumen?
2 minutes
What is the primary purpose of the primary rumen contraction? Secondary rumen contraction?
1- Mixing 2- Eructation (gas expulsion)
How is cud returned to the mouth from the reticulum for re-mastication?
Reverse peristalsis of the esophagus
T/F: A cow can ruminate while standing if she is leaning against a solid structure.
False, must lie down to ruminate/chew the cud
How is the strength of rumen contractions measured?
Observing/feeling movement, Auscultating the loudness of the sounds
How does hypocalcemia affect the primary rumination cycle?
Can cause hypomotility or atony (complete absence of reticuloruminal motility)
What is prevented when foam or fluid are in contact with the cardia?
Sphincter will remain close, not allowing for eructation
What is the purpose of chewing the cud?
Addition of bicarb allowing for further breakdown of food
From dorsal to ventral, what are the stratifications of the ruminal content?
Gas Fibrous mat Fluid Heaviest particles
What about the rumen can be assessed by internal palpation?
Volume and consistency of content
What is the most accurate method of rumen fluid examination?
Rumenocentesis
What is used to allow for the passage of an ororuminal tube?
Frick speculum
Why must you minimize exposure to cool temperatures, air and light to a sample of rumen fluid?
Exposure kills protozoa
If you need to transport a sample of ruminal fluid for a long distance, how do you need to secure it?
In a double jacket container
What is the normal color of rumen fluid in a cow that is fed mostly hay?
Olive to brownish-green
What does black/green rumen fluid indicate?
Ruminal stasis
What does milky rumen fluid indicate?
Lactic acidosis
What is the color of the ruminal fluid of a typical dairy cow? Why?
Yellowish Due to TMR feeding which contains lots of grain
What does a rotting odor of rumen fluid indicate?
Rumen putrefaction
What is the normal consistency of rumen fluid?
Slightly viscous
What does it indicate if rumen fluid is watery?
Anorexia
What does it indicate when a rumen fluid sedimentation activity test shows the sample sedimenting very rapidly (<3 min)?
Inactive micoflora (Ruminal acidosis)
What is the normal pH of rumen fluid from a dairy cow? What about a beef cow?
Dairy: >5.5-6 (TMR fed) Beef: 6-7 (Grass fed)
What does a rumen pH <5.5 indicate?
Lactic acidosis
What test is used to analyze anaerobic fermentation in the rumen?
Methylene blue reduction test
What test is used to analyze fiber digestion in the rumen?
Cellulose digestion test
What test is used to analyze carbohydrate digestion in the rumen?
Glucose fermentation test
What test is used to analyze protein digestion in the rumen?
Nitrate reduction test
How many protozoa per 40x field should you see when making a qualitative analysis of rumen fluid?
>40
What test is used to definitively diagnose a LDA? What is a positive result?
Liptak test (Abdominocentesis of abomasum) + = Acidic pH
What form of abomasal displacement is common after parturition?
Left
What are the 2 true cow emergency conditions (surgical)?
RDA Uterine prolapse
How many mammary glands does a cow have? Doe?
Cow- 4 Doe- 2
What does it mean to dry off a cow?
Stop milking her
Udder quarter:
You know what to do
How many WBCs per mL can be present in a healthy gland? Infected gland? What types of cells?
Healthy: <100,000; Mononuclear cells
Infected: 200,000-1mil+; PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes )
List a few defences against mastitis in the udder.
Antibacterial enzymes
Lactoferrin
Cytotoxic lymphocytes
Low O2 tension
Complement
Immunoglobulins (IgG2)
What is the predominant form of mastitis?
Subclinical
The test performed cow side to evaluate individual quarters for siubclinical mastitis is…
a. Mastitis Test
b. California Test
c. California Mastitis Test
d. Juan’s Test
c. California Mastitis Test
Abbreviated as CMT
What does color indicate when performing a CMT? What happens if there are many somatic cells?
Color = pH (Deep purple = Alkaline)
Sample will become viscous
What is the upper acceptable limit for somatic cells in milk ?
300,000
What is the somatic cell range for a CMT score of 1? 2? 3?
1: 400,000-1,200,000 / 400k-1.2mil
2: 1,200,000-5,000,000 /1.2mil-5mil
3: >5,000,000/ >5mil
What is the reservoir for contagious mastitis? Environmental mastitis?
Contagious: Mammary gland
Environmental: Environment
Contagious mastitis is usually…
a. Persistent and subclinical
b. Transient and subclinical
c. Persistent and clinical
d. Transient and clinical
a. Persistent and subclinical
Environmental mastitis is usually…
a. Persistent and subclinical
b. Transient and subclinical
c. Persistent and clinical
d. Transient and clinical
d. Transient and clinical
What hormone is released from where to initiate milk letdown?
Oxytocin from posteror pituitary
What is done before a cow is milked?
Each teat is stripped
Teats are sanitized
Teats are thoroughly dried (new towel per cow, each teat has own space on towel)
What causes milk to be removed from the udder when using a milking cluster?
Vaccum (& air alternating pulsation)
How long is milking time ideally if you are getting good milk ejection and milking machine function?
a. 7-10 min
b. 5-7.5 min
c. 2-4 min
d. 3.5- 5.5 min
b. 5-7.5 min
What is the BTSCC limit for grade A milk in the USA?
750,000/mL
What are the 3 mahor mastitis pathogens?
- Strep agalacae*
- Straph aureus*
- Mycoplasma bovis*
Match the test result with either Strep agalatiae or Staph aureus. (some of the listed do not apply to either)
Catalase negative
Catalase postive
CAMP negative
CAMP positive
Esculin negative
Esculin positive
Coagulase negative
Coagulase positive
- S. agalactiae:* Catalase negative, Esculin negative, CAMP positive
- S. aureus:* Catalase positive, Coagulase positive
What is the minor mastitis pathogen? Is it catalase positive or negative?
Corynebacterium bovis
Catalase postive
Which 2 contagious mastitis pathogens are the most difficult to cure? Which one is not at all resposive to treatment?
- S.aureus* and M.bovis
- M.bovis* is not treatable
What is the best treatment option for mastitis caused by S.aureus?
Treating with intramammary antibiotics (B-lactams) at dry off
What pathogen that causes mastitis can also cause polyarthritis, respiratory disease, and otitis media?
Mycoplasma bovis
What are the most common pathogens that cause environmental mastitis?
Coliform bacteria: Streptococci other than agalactiea (S.uberis, S.bovis, S. dysgalactiae), E.coli
When is the mammary gland most suscpetible to environmental masitits? When is another time when cows are more susceptible to this?
During dry period (Milk accumulates)
- Early dry= Involution*
- Late dry = Colostrogenesis*
Early lactation (immunosuppresion)
What can be done to decrease the risk of environmental mastitis when cows are most susceptible?
Antibiotics during dry period
Vaccination (Except against Streptoccocal mastitis)
Teat sealant during dry period (external or internal)
Which of the following s ot a typical environmental mastitis pathogen?
a. E.coli
b. Klebsiella
c. Strep uberis
d. Staph aureus
d. Staph aureus
What are the 2 options for definitively diagnosing environmental mastitis?
Culture
Molecular diagnostic tests
Control of environmental mastitis does not include
a. Antibiotics
b. Bedding
c. Cleanliness
d. Pre-post dipping techniques
a. Antibiotics
What is the term for producing a detectable immune response through vaccination?
Immunization
Does not imply protection
What are the 2 options for vaccination sites in cows?
Neck
Costochrondral junction
What is the typical withdrawal time for beef cows after a vaccination?
28 days
On a vaccine label, what does “…for the prevention of infection with…” mean?
a. Prevents all colonization and replication
b. Efficacy >80% at 95% CI
c. Produces a clinically significant effect in preventing disease in challenged animals
d. Alleviates disease severity or duration
a. Prevents all colonization and replication
On a vaccine label, what does “…as an aid in the prevention of disease due to…” mean?
a. Prevents all colonization and replication
b. Efficacy >80% at 95% CI
c. Produces a clinically significant effect in preventing disease in challenged animals
d. Alleviates disease severity or duration
c. Produces a clinically significant effect in preventing disease in challenged animals
On a vaccine label, what does “…for the prevention of disease due to…” mean?
a. Prevents all colonization and replication
b. Efficacy >80% at 95% CI
c. Produces a clinically significant effect in preventing disease in challenged animals
d. Alleviates disease severity or duration
b. Efficacy >80% at 95% CI
What are the 6 “F” vaccine rules?
Frequent disease
eFfective
Functional and practical
Financially sound
Federal mandates
Fatal disease
What is the most common bovine vaccine claim?
a. Prevention of infection
b. Prevention of disease
c. Aid in the prevention of disease
d. Aid in the control of disease
c. Aid in the prevention of disease
When do maternal antibodies decrease in calfs?
3 months
Which vaccine type typically gives you a longer, stronger, and cheaper protections?
a. Killed/Inactive
b. Modified Live
b. Modified Live
What increases more quickly, CRE or BUN, in a cow with impaired kidney function?
CRE
Due to rumiant’s ability to recycle urea through rumen
What bacteria are associated with pyelonephritis?
E.coli (environmental)
C. renale (infectious)
Which of these are not CS associated with UTI/pyelonephritis?
Ill thrift
Fever
Vague colic signs
Severe colic signs
Stranguria
Polyuria
Anuria
Purulent or bloody urine
Severe colic signs
Polyuria
Anuria
Note: Stranguria was stressed
What antibiotics are usually good choices for food animals withb UTI/pyelonephritis? For how long?
Penicillin
B-lactams
4+ week
What causes contagious bovine pyelonephritis? Upon palpation, what may you feel?
Corynebacterium renale
Thickened bladder wall
Ascending UTI in cows
What is the treatment for contagious bovine pyelonephritis?
High dose penicllin 1 at least 2 weeks
Cull may be more cost/labor-efficient
Why are Angoras and Merinos worse off when they get ulcerative posthitis or vulviti? What causes this disease and the clinical signs?
Have hair at urinary orifice
Caused when animal with high protein diets are infected with C.renale which hydrolyzed urea to form ammonia in urine -> irritates skin
What acute disease occurs in bulls and steers due to Fusobacterium necrophorum and wet feedlot pens?
Necrotic posthitis
T/F: Lepto should be high on your DDx list for any ruminant with a urinary issue.
False, repro issues much more typical
Is vaccination for lepto cosidered effective? What is the major consideration with this vaccine?
Yes
Short duration, must be careful to booster on time
Name a few nephrotoxic metals.
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
How can you protect a food animal’s kidneys from the nephrotoxic effects of antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclunes and sulfonamides?
Give with plenty of fluids
What toxic plant causes heath due to hyperkalemia?
Pigweed, red root (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Causes perirenal edema and kidney pathology
What causes bovine enzootic hematuria? What is an affected animal likely to develop?
Bracken fern
TCC (Transitional cell carcinoma)
Which plant is hepatotoxic, npehrotoxic and causes precipitation of proteins? What is the toxic prinicple?
Oak Both buds and acrorns= toxic
Tannin or Gallotanin
Causes gastroenteritis,hemorhhages, edema, and renal lesions
What congential defect commonly occurs following a c-section?
Patent urachus
What neoplasias commonly affect the external genitalia of males?
Fibropapilloma
SCC
