Swine (Sithole) Flashcards by Sarah Sabler

What are the 3 components of commercial breeding farms?

Nucleus herds

Breeding herds

Finishing herds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do you call a herd that is proven to be free from a certain disease? What if there is firm evidence that the disease is not present, but the herd cannot be declared 100% free of that pathogen?

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) herds

High health herds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are piglets born in SPF herds?

Via C-section

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

40 years ago piglet production was 16 piglets per sow per year, now sows produce ____ piglets per year.

a. 10-15
b. 20-24
c. 30-34
d. 35-40

c. 30-34

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What dietary component is required for early weaning of piglets?

Animal proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 2 feeding components can induce health risks, including diarrhea and gastric ulceration?

High protein

Finely ground feed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many days after parturition does each piglet have its own teat?

3 days

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can be done to prevent pigs/piglets from biting eachother out of boredom?

Environmental enrichment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the method used to optimize health, welfare, and production in a population of animals through the systematic analysis of relevant data through regular objective observations of the animals and their environment, such that, informed timely decisions are made to adjust and improve herd management over time?

Herd Health Management (HHM) approach

Key words: optimize health, welfare, production; data, informed timely decisions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are (some of the) the objectives of HHM?

5 total

Optimize health status by preventing health, production and reproductive problems
Optimize productivity by improving herd management practices
Optimize animal welfare and ecological quality of the environment
Optimize the quality and safety of dairy and meat products
Optimize profitability of the enterprise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are 2 reasons for monitoring production data?

May provide a reflection of both clinical and subclinical disease

May provide a reflection of sub-optimal husbandy (e.g. imbalanced diets, stressors)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why do the strongest/largest piglets get the front teats?

They produce the most milk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

With which body system are many of the early infections in neonatal piglets related to?

GI tract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does sow colostrum contain which enhances the uptake of intact immunoglobulins?

Anti-trypsin factor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are young piglets extremely susceptible to enteral infections? What can occur when they are housed in an area that is too cold?

Stomach pH is close to neutral

Chilling can cause low gastric motility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What disease causes diarrhea due to multifocal suppurative and erosive colitis in piglets 2-10 days of age?

Clostridium difficile-associated enterotoxemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does orange-stained diarrhea indicate and what is it caused by?

Sign of fecal blood loss

Caused by A/B toxins of C. difficile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which cause of enterotoxemia in 2-10 day of piglets is treated with Bacitracin in sows and piglets or with Salinomycin? There is also a vaccination available for the condition.

Clostridium perfringens type-A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does the vaccination against enteric colibacillosis function?

Prevents attachment of the bacterial fimbria/pili of E.coli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In addition to hypothermia, shivering, watery diarrhea and possibly vomiting, what can E.coli cause in piglets?

Fibrinous polyserositis

Stressed in lecture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which disease causes recently weaned piglets to squeal abnormally when handled? It can also result in sudden death and neurological symptoms.

Edema Disease (Colibacillosis) - E.coli (certain serotypes)

Stressed in lecture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the source of infection for coccidiosis (Isospora suis) in piglets?

Carrier sows

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

You treat a piglet for what you suspect is colibacilosis, but there is no response to the antibiotics you are giving. What disease is now your top differential? What is the treatment?

Coccidiosis

Tx: Toltrazuril (coccidiostat)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What form of viral diarrhea causes occasional vomiting in piglets?

Rotaviral enteritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes bright yellow feces and vomiting, often in older piglets?

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

What is the main DDx for a piglet with swollen joints and abscesses?

*Streptococcus suis*

What zoonotic disease causes septicemia, acute meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis, or bronchopneumonia in nursing or recently weaned piglets? Which disease that affects older pigs is also zoonotic?

* Streptococcus suis* * Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*

What are your top 2 DDx for a piglet presenting with CNS signs after weaning?

Edema disease ## Footnote *Streptococcus suis*

What syndrome usually occurs within 3 days of farrowing and is characterized by inadequate milk production?

MMA (Mastitis, Metritis, Agalactia) | (or Hypogalactia)

What etiologic agent is the most common cause of mastitis in sows?

*E.coli* (Environmental bacteria)

What causes teat necrosis in young piglets and which teats are most commonly affected? How can this be prevented?

Endogenous estrogen (from sow or colostum) or exogenous (zearalenone) estrogen making the teats for vulnerable to trauma Front teats Taping the teats shortly after birth

What disease causes dermatitis, characterized by 1-20 cm raised, red, ring-shaped lesions usually on the ventral abdomen, in pigs 4-12 weeks old? How is it treated?

Pityriasis rosea No treatment required, resolves eventually and most recover completely

You notice a neonatal piglet with lateral extension of the hind legs with an inability to adduct the legs. What is the cause of this condition and what can be done to increase the likelihood of survival?

Myofibrillar hypoplasia (due to delayed development and degenerative change) Can tie back legs together loosely *This is **splay leg***

Why must sows who persistently produce piglets with splay need need to be culled/removed from the breeding stock?

Because there is a genetic component to the disorder

What inherited condition is characterized by the absence of discrete areas of skin, usually over a part of the back, loin, thigh, or anterior surface of the tongue? What 2 conditions often accompany this?

Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta Hydroureter and Hydronephrosis

What should you rule out when noticing umbilical bleeding in a group of piglets?

Warfarin poisoning

What age groups are most commonly affected by *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*?

Growing or adult swine

Name 4 (or more) conditions that cause cyanosis in pigs.

Erysipelas African Swine Fever Classical Swine Fever Salmonellosis Actinobacillas pleuropneumonia Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser's) Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

What aspect of erysipelas results in abortions in sows?

Fever

What are the 2 treatment options for erysipelas?

Penicillin Antiserum

What is the etiologic agent for Greasy Pig Disease (Exudative epidermatitis)?

*Staphylococcus hyicus*

What condition causes brownish sports, 1-2cm in diameter, covered by serum and exudate in piglets \<8 weeks old?

Greasy pig disease aka Exudative dermatitis *S. hyicus*

What clinical signs are associated with swine dysentery? What is the etiologic agent?

Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea (at first mucoid - gray to yellow), tail twitching or humped, gaunt appearance, dehydration Marked inflammation of the large intestines *Most common in growing/finishing periods* ***Brachyspira hyodysenteriae***

What causes spirochaetal colitis? What age group is most commonly affected?

*Brachyspira pilosicoli* Younger pigs *Causes mild colitis*

What are the 2 main pathologies caused by salmonellosis? Which strain causes each type?

Septicemia - *S. cholerasuis* Enterocolitis - *S. typhimurium*

How is Salmonellosis transmitted? What is the source of infection to humans?

Fecal-oral route or aerosols; Disseminated by rodents and wild birds Asymptomatic swine harboring inapparent infections that become pork (human source of infection)

What does *Lawsonia intracellularis* cause in pigs?

Porcine Proliferative Enteritis (Ileitis, intestinal adenomatosis) Causes: Hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes with inflammaion +/- ulceration or hemorrhage

What are your 2 DDx for a pig that suddenly dies and is found to have blood in the intestinal tract?

PPE Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

* Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae* is usually seen in ______ week old piglets. The bacterium secretes ___ exotoxins. a. 6-20; 4 b. 1-4; 4 c. 30-40; 4 d. 1-4; 6 e. 6-20; 6

*Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae* is usually seen in **_6-20_** week old piglets. The bacterium secretes **_4_** exotoxins. **a. 6-20; 4** *Exotoxins: Apxl - ApxIV*

What clinical signs are associated with APP (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae)?

Sudden death (most common in acute outbreaks) Prostration Hyperthermia Apathy Anorexia Cough Cyanosis

What causes Atrophic Rhinitis (Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis)?

Toxigenic strains of *Bordetella bronchiseptica* and *Pasteurella multocide* (Primarily Type D)

You notice "dirty" hair below the canthus of a pig's eye, as well as a nose bleed, and slight dorsal deviation of the snout. What is your top DDx?

Atrophic rhinitis

T/F: Glasser's Disease (*Haemophilus parasuis)* is widely distributed and usually causes no disease.

True

What 4 maladies characterize acute Glasser's disease?

Meningocephalitis Polyserositis Polyarthritis Bacterial pneumonia (contributes to)

What widespread, chronic respiratory disease of swine potentiates other infections?

Mycoplasmal pneumonia aka Enzootic Pneumonia *Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae*

What is the rapidly spreading viral disease characterized sudden onset of fever, occulonasal dscharge, prostration and weakness, followed by paroxysmal coughing for 5-7 days?

Swine Influenza ## Footnote *Subtype H1N1 common in USA*

A sow that is getting close to being ready to be bred has recently gained a lot of weight (without becoming overconditioned) and is now walking abnormally. Radiographic lesions can be seen on the medial femoral condyle. What is the likely diagnosis and what is the treatment?

Osteochondrosis No tx, cull sow

A pig farmer has recently employed his super fail son-in-law to help him care for his pigs. He is in charge of cleaning and maintaining the water nipples in the barn. After hearing this, what problem might the farmer have in the near future?

Salt poisoning (due to water deprivation)

What disorder causes unique meningeal and cerebral perivascular cuffing by eosinophils in the brain?

Salt poisoning

What part of the GIT is affected by gastric ulcers in pigs?

Pars esophagea/ non-glandular stomach

What age of pigs are affected by whip worm? What is the species? What type of diarrhea does it cause and what other disease does it look similar to?

Feeder/finishers and mature swine *Trichuris suis* Mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea Looks like swine dysentery (can also occur together)

How long after an infection with *T.suis* can eggs be detected in a fecal sample?

8 weeks

What virus causes PMWS (postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome)? Who is usually affected?

Porcine circovirus Type 2 Nursery and growing pigs

What other conditions/syndromes is PMWS associated with?

PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome) PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex) Reproductive failure

T/F: Nearly all herds in the USA are seropositive for porcine circovirus.

True

What can be done to reduce the severity and incidence of PMWS?

Vaccination against PCV-2

What is the most economically significant disease to affect US swine production since the eradication of classical swine fever?

PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome) ## Footnote *Arterivirus*

What syndrome in PRRS is more commonly seen in young, growing pigs and in naive finishing pigs and breeding stock?

Respiratory

What will happen to piglets born to a sow infected with PRRS while pregant?

Piglets will be **viremic and persistently infected**

Match the species with the type of host it is for FMD. Which of these shows the most clinical signs and which the least? Sheep/Goats Cattle Pigs Indicator host Amplifier host Maintenance host

Shee/Goats = Maintenance -\> **Least CS** Pigs= Amplifier *HOOF lesions are more severe than in cattle* Cattle= Indicator -\> **Most CS**

Which of these species is not a carrier for FMD? In those that are carriers, where does the virus reside? Sheep Pigs Cattle

Pigs Pharyngeal tissue

Which species remains a carrier for FMD for up to 2 years?

Cattle ## Footnote * 6-24 months* * Sheep/Goats = 4-6 months*

What is the highly infectious, often fatal, disease of swine caused by a flavivirus (genus Pestivirus) that is characterized by fever, inappetence, weakness, erythematous lesions and severe leukopenia?

Classical Swine Fever

Which of the following is not a clinical sign of an ACUTE classical swine fever infection? Cyanosis High fever (105F) Conjunctivitis Diarrhea Vomiting Petechia/ecchymosis

Vomiting

How is classical swine fever spread?

Direct contact

Which is more severe, Classical or African Swine Fever?

African Swine Fever

Which vesicular disease that may affect swine is found in marine animals off the coast of California?

San Miguel Sea Lion Virus (SMSLV)

Which disease, Vesicular Stomatitis or Swine Vesicular disease, is endemic in the Carolinas and Georgia? Which has never been in the USA?

VS -\> Endemic to Carolinas, Georgia Swine Vesicular Disease -\> Never in US *(Last outbreak in Italy 1995)*

T/F: Porcine Epdemic Diarrhea is a coronavirus clinically similar to Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). There is cross-protection between the two viruses which is why vaccination against TGE provides protection against PED.

False, there is NO CROSS-PROTECTION

Which virus may be inactivated by heating trailers to 160F for 10 minutes or by maintaining them at room temperature (68F) for at least 7 days?

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ## Footnote *Coronavirus*

A sow gives birth to a litter of weak piglets that are largely devoid of hair and have mucinous edema over their enlarged foreparts. What nutritional deficiency do you suspect?

Iodine

How is iodine deficiency avoided in gestating sows?

Adding iodized salt to the ration

Why is iron deficiency a problem in piglets (3 reasons)?

Born with little iron reserve Colostrum and milk provide only 15-50% of daily iron requirement Rapid growth and blood volume expension

How can iron deficiency be prevented and treated in piglets?

Give them access to iron-rich soil/clay Orally administer water-soluble iron Parenteral injection iron dextran (*NOT INTO NECK MUSCLES beyond 7 days of age)*

What is the zinc-responsive dermatosis usually observed in 2-4 month old swine?

Parakeratosis

What is the most common cause of zinc-responsive dermatosis in piglets?

Consumption of excess **calcium**

What are your 2 DDx for parakeratosis in 2-4 month old piglets?

Sarcoptic mange Greasy Pig Disease

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a disease of growing bones while _______ is a lesion of mature bones.

Rickets Osteoporosis

What are some causes of Rickets?

Dietary deficiency of vitamin D or phosphorous Confinement resulting in no access to sunlight (*Vit D)* No grain or protein in diet (*Phos)*

A highly prolific sow begins developing fractures in the latter part of nursing. What disorder do you suspect? What is the most important etiological factor?

Osteoporosis Inappropriate ration formulation or mixing *Another cause = lack of exercise*

What can feeds high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, copper, or vitamin A result in? What is another cause of this?

Vitamine E deficiency Myocotoxins

What 3 syndromes does Vitamin E/Selenum deficiency cause?

Mulberry Heart Disease Hepatosis Dietetica (HD) White Muscle Disease

How are nursing piglets exposed to aflatoxins?

Ingestion of toxin by lactating dam (passed in milk)

Does acute or chronic aflatoxicosis cause ascites? Which causes icterus?

Subacute-Chronic -\> Ascites Acute -\> Icterus

T/F: Chronic aflatoxicosis can occur at levels as low as 300 ppb while acute toxicity usually occurs at levels greater than 1000ppb.

True

What does infection of *Claviceps purpurea* cause in pigs (clinical signs and name of condition)? Which body parts are most commonly affected?

**_Ergotism_** **Ischemic necrosis** followed by **dry, gangrenous sloughing** of parts of extremities; **Inhibition of mammary development**, **reduced litter size and birth weights** as well as **post-farrowing agalactia** Tails, ears, hooves

What are the 3 components of fumonisin toxicosis? What does each toxin cause?

**T-2** toxin - crusting and ulceration **Deoxynivalenol** (DON, vomitoxin) - vomiting **Zearalenone** (F-2) - estrogenic effect (tenesumus, rectal prolapse, persisgtent anestrus, pseudopregancy, decreased libido, decreased testicular size, preputial enlargement)

How are very young piglets exposed to fumonisin toxicosis?

Via sow's milk