Valvular Heart Disease

Question 1

Mitral valve prolapse

Answer 1

> 2mm systolic prolapse of 1 or both valve leaflets beyond long-axis annular plane during 2D echo

Question 2

Mitral valve prolapse prevalence

Answer 2

2-3%

M + W equal

Question 3

Mitral valve prolapse Pathology

Answer 3

Histologically normal valves
Marfan
Ehlers Danlos

Question 4

Mitral valve prolapse physiology

Answer 4

Valve leaflets prolapse into left atrium during systole

Mitral regurgitation

Question 5

Mitral valve prolapse symptoms

Answer 5

usually asymptomatic

Question 6

Mitral valve prolapse signs

Answer 6

Ejection click

Question 7

Mitral valve prolapse treatment

Answer 7

Usually none necessary

Question 8

Aortic stenosis causes

Answer 8

Calcified disease
Congenital bicuspid valve
Rheumatic disease

Question 9

Aortic stenosis Symptoms

Answer 9

Dyspnoea
Angina
Syncope
LV failure
Sudden death

Question 10

Aortic stenosis signs

Answer 10

Slow rising carotid pulse
S4
Possible ejection click
Ejection systolic murmur

Question 11

Aortic regurgitation Causes

Answer 11

Aortic valve leaflet disease

Aortic root dilating disease

Question 12

Aortic regurgitation symptoms

Answer 12

Often none
Dyspnoea
Angina

Question 13

Aortic regurgitation Signs

Answer 13

Rapidly rising carotid pulse
Early diastolic murmur
Ejection murmur

Question 14

Mitral stenosis causes

Answer 14

Rheumatic fever

Question 15

Mitral stenosis symptoms

Answer 15

Dyspnoea
RV Failure
Palpitations
Irregular HB
Systemic emboli

Question 16

Mitral stenosis Signs

Answer 16

AF pulse
Auscultation (Loud S1)
Increased JVP
Basal creeps
Ankle oedema

Question 17

Mitral regurgitation Causes

Answer 17

Mitral valve leaflet disease
Subvalvular disease
Functional MR

Question 18

Mitral regurgitation Symptoms

Answer 18

Dyspnoea
Palpitations
Systemic emboli

Question 19

Mitral regurgitations Signs

Answer 19

Pulse- systemic rumble, AF
Auscultation- S3
Volume overload- increased JVP, basal creps, ankle oedema