Respiratory Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygen cascade

A

Decrease in oxygen as it passes from the atmosphere into the body and into arterial circulation

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2
Q

Concentration of O2 in air

A

20.94%

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3
Q

Barometric pressure

A

101.3kPa

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4
Q

PO2 dry air at sea level

A

21.2kPa

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5
Q

Tracheal gas

A

PO2 after humidification

19.9kPa

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6
Q

Alveolar PO2 affected by

A

Hypo or hyper ventilation
Oxygen consumption
CO2 production

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7
Q

PAO2 equation

A

PAO2= dry barometric pressure x (FiO2-VO2/VA)

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8
Q

PAO2 equation 2

A

PiO2-(PaCO2/R)

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9
Q

Normal PaO2

A

13.6kPa

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10
Q

Shunting

A

An area of the lung that is perfused but not ventilated

Increases in disease

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11
Q

Oxygen Delivery

A

[Hb] x O2 saturation of Hb x 1.34 x 10 x CO

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12
Q

Signs of Resp Failure

A
Resp Compensation
Increased Sympathetic tone
End organ hypoxia
Haemoglobin desaturation
CO2 retention
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13
Q

Resp Compensation

A

Tachypnoea
Use of accessory muscles
nasal flaring
Intercostal or suprasternal recession

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14
Q

Increased Sympathetic Tone

A

Tachycardia
Hypertension
Sweating

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15
Q

End Organ Hypoxia

A

Altered mental status
Bradycardia
Hypotension

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16
Q

Haemoglobin desaturation

17
Q

CO2 retention

A

Flap

Bounding Pulse

18
Q

Resp Failure

A

Syndrome where respiratory system fails in one of both of its gas exchange functions- oxygenation + CO2 elimination

19
Q

Type 1 Resp Failure

A

Hypoxaemia only

PaO2 < 8kPa

20
Q

Type 1 Resp Failure MOA

A

Damage to lung tissue
Prevents adequate oxygenation of blood (hypoxaemia)
Remaining lung tissue sufficient to excrete the CO2 produced

21
Q

Type 1 Resp Failure examples

A
Pneumonia
Obesity
P. oedema
Asthma/COPD
pulmonary embolism
pneumothorax
22
Q

Type 2 Resp Failure

A

Hypoxaemia + Hypercapnia
PaO2<8kPa
PaCO2>6.5kPa

23
Q

Type 2 Resp Failure MOA

A

Ventilatory Failure
Alveolar ventilation insufficient to excrete CO2 produced
Reduced ventilatory effort or inability to overcome increased resistance to ventilation

24
Q

Type 2 Resp Failure examples

A

Type 1 with fatigue

hypoventilation

25
First line treatment
OXYGEN Oxygen masks with nasal cannula Face masks with reservoir bags Venturi masks
26
Low flow masks
Nasal cannulas etc. | Deliver variable concentration depending on how the patient is breathing
27
Treatment sequence for Resp Failure
Oxygen Pulse Oximetry ABG
28
Pulse Oximetry
Started immediately Pulse Oximetry saturation (SpO2) of 94% is a critical threshold- below this, small fall in PaO2 produces sharp fall in SpO2 ONLY TELLS US ABOUT OXYGENATION NOT VENTILATION
29
ABG
Used to keep fraction of inspired O2 to the minimum required to achieve adequate oxygenation Used to evaluate pH changes + changes in PaCO2
30
If SpO2 >94%, PaO2 should be
>10kPa
31
High levels O2
Dangerous + toxic | Produces free radicals
32
CO2 retention
10% of COPD patients- CO2 will go up if given oxygen
33
Ventilation
Not for hypoxia | Used for hypercapnia
34
Oxygen vs Ventilation
O2 for hypoxia | Ventilate in hypercapnia (hypoventilation)
35
COPD/Asthma
Bilateral hyper-expansion of the chest