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Cardiorespiratory CC > Erythropoiesis + Iron deficiency anaemia > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis + Iron deficiency anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Total body iron

A

3-5g

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2
Q

Majority of iron absorption

A

Duodenal lining

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3
Q

Ferroproteins

A

Transporter proteins in Enterocytes

Allow iron into body

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4
Q

Free iron form

A

Ferrous Fe2+ form

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5
Q

Fe3+ –> Fe2+

A

Ferric reductase enzyme

Enterocyte brush border

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6
Q

Transferrin

A

Iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins
Regulate level of free iron in plasma + other ECFs
1 molecule can carry 2 Fe3+

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7
Q

low pH transferrins

A

Low pH makes transferrin release its iron ions

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8
Q

Ferritin

A

Polyprotein
24 Apoferritin subunits
Stores many iron atoms inside it in the inactive Fe3+ form

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9
Q

Ferritin MOA

A

Releases iron into cell in controlled fashion when needed

Buffer against iron deficiency and overload

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10
Q

Plasma ferritin

A

Diagnostic test for iron deficiency anaemia

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11
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Fat droplets and cells

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12
Q

Red marrow

A

Where most erythropoiesis occurs in adults

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13
Q

RBC formation in foetus

A

Mesoblastic Stage
Hepatic Stage
Myeloid Stage

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14
Q

Mesoblastic stage

A

3rd week

Nucleated RBCs form in Yolk sac + mesothelial layers of placenta

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15
Q

Hepatic stage

A

6 week

Erythropoiesis in liver and spleen

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16
Q

Myeloid stage

A

3 months +
Bone marrow principle source RBCs
Erythropoiesis exclusively in bone marrow last month

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17
Q

RBC formation up to 5 yrs

A

Bone marrow in all bones

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18
Q

RBC formation 5-25

A

Marrow of long bones

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19
Q

RBC formation 25+

A

Marrow of membranous bones e.g. vertebrae, sternum, ribs, cranial bones + ileum

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20
Q

Erythropoiesis sequence

A 
Hemocytoblast
Proerythroblast
Erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
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21
Q

Diapedesis

A

Mature reticulocyte expels nucleus + newly formed erythrocyte squeezes through pores in marrow capillary membrane into blood

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22
Q

EPO

A

Protein
Produced in fibroblast interstitial cells in kidney
Around proximal tubule

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23
Q

Testosterone

A

Increases EPO production

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24
Q

RBC energy source

A

ATP via anaerobic glycolysis

Powers GLUT1 transporters

25
Q

Lactate from erythrocyte

A

Exported from erythrocyte
Taken up by liver or muscle cells
Converted back to glucose
–> re-exported back into blood

26
Q

Erythrocyte surface charge

A

Negative surface charge

Membrane glycoproteins contain sialic acid

27
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Binds to RBC membrane

Reduces negative charge–> adhere

28
Q

Rouleaux

A

RBC clump

Increases ESR

29
Q

Raised ESR

A

Non-specific marker of infection

30
Q

Normal ESR

A

(age + 10(if female))/2

31
Q

RBC recycling

A

120 days

Lack of deformability- old cells are more rigid

32
Q

RBC breakdown

A

Broken up by osmotic lysis
Haem prosthetic groups removed from globin proteins
Haem broken down by haemoxygenase enzyme
Iron atoms in Haem carried away by transferrin

33
Q

Biliverdin

A

Opened porphyrin ring minus its iron atom
Greenish colour
Antioxidant

34
Q

Biliverdin –> Bilirubin

A

In macrophage

By biliverdin reductase

35
Q

Bilirubin

A

Yellowish colour
Not v soluble
Antioxidant

36
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin

A

Bilirubin bound to albumin in splenic macrophages

Released into blood

37
Q

Conjugated bilirubin

A

When unconjugated bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid

38
Q

Conjugated bilirubin normal level

A

0.1-0.3mg/dL

39
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Conjugated bilirubin passes in the bile in SI where bacteria convert it
Passes out of body in faeces (most)
10% passes back in the portal vein in liver
–> leaves liver in venous blood, passes through kidney, urine

40
Q

Anaemia

A

Hb below the reference range for that age and gender

41
Q

Adult Anaemia

A

<13.5g/dL Hb (male)

<11.5 g/dL Hb (female)

42
Q

6months - 6years anaemia

A

<11g/dL Hb

43
Q

6-14 years anaemia

A

<12 g/dL Hb

44
Q

Anaemia signs

A

Pallor
Rapid HR
Systolic flow murmur

45
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

<76 fl

46
Q

Normocytic anaemia

A

76-96fl

47
Q

Macrocytic anaemia

A

> 96 fl

48
Q

Femtolitre

A

1 cubic micrometre

49
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia

A

Microcytic

Hypochromic (low Hb)

50
Q

Blood loss iron deficiency

A

10ml/day

51
Q

Developing countries IDA

A

Hookworm

Nutrition

52
Q

Developing societies IDA

A

GIT bleeding

malabsorption

53
Q

Chelators

A

chemicals which hold iron + prevent absorption

54
Q

Sources of iron

A

Plants have a lot but have chelators so not absorbed
Calf liver
Steak

55
Q

Enhance iron absorption

A 
Ferrous salts (fe2+)
Acid stomach pH
pregnancy
hypoxia
iron deficiency
haem iron (meat)
56
Q

Impair absorption

A 
Non-haem iron (veg)
Ferric salts (Fe3+)
Alkaline stomach pH
iron overload
PPIs
57
Q

Causes IDA

A 
Menorrhagia
Varices, Ulcer, Cancer
Coeliac
Pregnancy, Growth spurt
Hookworm
58
Q

Hookworm

A

Parasitic Nematode worm

Punctures gut blood vessels and drinks erythrocytes

59
Q

Confirming IDA

A

FBC
Blood film
Serum ferritin
Serum iron total iron binding capacity

Cardiorespiratory CC (34 decks)

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