Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 Human Disease > Valvular heart disease > Flashcards

Valvular heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

name and locate the heart valves

A
  • atrioventricular valves: tricuspid (right), Mitral (left)
  • pulmonary (right atrium –> pulmonary artery)
  • aortic (left atrium –> aorta)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 main types of valvular heart disease

A
  • valvular stenosis: narrowing of valve orifice –> limits amount of blood flowing through
  • valvular incompetence: failure of non-return function –> valvular regurgitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 main consequences of valvular heart disease

A
  • reduction in CO (–> exercise intolerance, left ventricular hypertrophy –> left ventricular failure, sudden death)
  • infection eg infective endocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 types of left heart valvular disease

A
  • mitral stenosis
  • mitral reguritation
  • aortic stenosis
  • aortic regurgitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe mitral stenosis and risk factors 2

A

thickening of valve leaflets with calcification and closure of commisures
occurs with age related calcification, rheumatic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is rheumatic heart disease often a cause for valvular heart conditions? why?

A

not in UK. yes in developing world. associated with poor nutrition and overcrowding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 complications of mitral stenosis and symptoms of each

A
  • heart failure: oedema, breathlessness, blue discolouration
  • atrial fibrillation: ‘fluttering atrium’ –> clot risk –> stroke
  • infective endocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

risk factors for mitral regurgitation 5

A
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • bacterial endocarditis
  • mitral valve prolapse (2-5% of UK population have this)
  • ischaemic heart disease –> rupture of papillary muscle/ chordae tendonii
  • cardiomyopathy (enlargement of heart muscle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compliations of mitral regurgitation 3

A

same as mitral stenosis:

  • heart failure: oedema, breathlessness, blue discolouration
  • atrial fibrillation: ‘fluttering atrium’ –> clot risk –> stroke
  • infective endocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

risk factors for aortic stenosis 3

A
  • congenital bicuspid valve
  • degenerative calcification
  • rheumatic heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

consequence on heart of aortic stenosis

A

obstruction to left ventricular flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of aortic regurgitation 8

A
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • hypertension
  • syphilis
  • Marfan’s syndrome
  • Ehler’s Danlos syndrome
  • osteogenesis imperfecta
  • idiopathic aortic root dilation
  • endocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathophysiologically, what can cause aortic regurgitation other than valve dysfunction

A

incompetence or dilation of aortic root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe symptoms of Marfan syndrome and faulty gene which causes it

A

Fibrillin 1 gene
tall, elongated head, wide forehead, high arch palate, retinal problems
enlarged aorta and floppy valves –> aortic aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of right heart valvular disease

A

tricuspid stenosis

tricuspid regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most common cause of tricuspid stenosis/ regurgitation

A

rheumatic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

other causes of tricuspid regurgitation

A

RHD, congenital heart disease, endocarditis secdonary to IV drug abuse –> VALVULAR ENLARGEMENT

18
Q

what causes rheumatic heart disease

A

acute rheumatic fever (occurs 2-3 weeks after group A streptococcal infection in throat)

19
Q

age group at risk of rheumatic heart disease

A

5-15yo

20
Q

pathology of cardiac complications of rheumatic heart disease

A

strep A infection (throat)
–> antibodies made in lymph nodes
–> antibodies against strep A also attack body’s own cells eg in endocardium, where they cause vegetations to form on valvles
= ANTIBODY CROSS REACTIVITY

21
Q

4 areas of rheumatic fever effects and examples of each

A
  • heart: pericarditis, myocardititis, endocerditis
  • joints: flitting polyarthritis
  • skin: subcutaneous nodules and skin rashes (erythema marginatum)
  • arteries: arteritis
22
Q

name and describe the histological hallmark

A

Aschoff body. contents 3:

  • swollen eosinophilic collagen
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
23
Q

long-term effects of rheumatic fever

A

> 95% recover completely
BUT 10-15% have chronic scarring of mitral valve cusps over 50 yrs –> thickened valve cusps, fuses commisures of cusps –> mitral stenosis

24
Q

define infective endocarditis (IE)

A

acute or chronic disease resulting from infection of focal area of endocardium

25
Q

what part of the heart does IE involve? explain

A

usually heart valve, but could also be:

  • mural endocardium of atrium or ventricle
  • congenital defect eg patent ductus arteriosis or co-arctation of aorta
26
Q

2 types of IE and which bacteria causes each, %

A
  • acute: S. aureus. (40%) destructive infection of often healthy heart valve with highly virulent organism
  • subacute: S viridans (60%). insidious disease of previously abnormal valve with less virulent organism
27
Q

why is IE relevant to dentistry?

A

s aureus and s viridans found in oropharynx –> bacteremia can cause IE

28
Q

where in body are IE organisms found? 5

A
  • oropharynx
  • resp tract
  • skin (+ candida)
  • GI tract
  • Urinary tract
29
Q

what bacteria is common in large intestine and outcome of it

A

strep faecalis

causes UTI

30
Q

how are bacteria from GI/U tracts spread around body

A

during cystoscopy or prostatectomy

31
Q

clinical presentation of IE 4

A
  • cardiac disease
  • infection –> fever, malaise
  • embolism (bacteria build up on valves then break away)
  • immunological phenomena
32
Q

name and describe lesions of IE

A

vegetations

bacterial colonies and thrombotic debris (platelets, fibrin, bacteria)

33
Q

most common sites for IE and %

A

95% on left side heart valves (mitral, aortic). most of these in previously damaged valves

34
Q

pathogenesis of IE

A

(endothelial lining of heart and its valves is normally resistant to infection with bacteria and funghi)
endothelial injury –> platelets and fibrin –> secondary infection by distant source of infection or transient bacteraemia

35
Q

potential complcations of IE

A
  • stroke
  • skin patches
  • spleen: infarction, abscess
  • kidney: infarction, homaturia
  • eye: roth spots
  • fingernails: splinter haemorrhage
  • hands: Janeway lesions
36
Q

oral side effects of

a. anticoagulants
b. calcium channel blockers

A

a. anticoagulants: bleeding risk

b. calcium channel blockers: gingival hyperplasia

37
Q

what drugs cause oral drug interactions? 3

A

beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
diuretics

38
Q

symptoms of oral drug interactions?

A

tongue: white striae, red discolouration

39
Q

risk of endocarditis with

a. dental extraction
b. toothbrushing
c. chewing

A

a. dental extraction: 51-85%
b. toothbrushing: 0-26%
c. chewing: 17-51%

40
Q

what bacteria causes 60% of IE

A

strep viridans

Year 3 Human Disease (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions