Valvular heart disease

Question 1

A bulging of one or both mitral valve leaflets that are displaced into the left atrium more than 2 mm above the highest points of mitral annulus during systole

Answer 1

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

(Effects 2-6% of the US population)

Question 2

Most frequently mitral valve prolapse is due to __ within the mitral valve, usually involving multiple leaflet segments

Answer 2

myxomatous degeneration of connective tissue

Question 3

MVP occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant __,__ and __

Answer 3

mitral regurgitation
infective endocarditis
sudden cardiac death

Question 4

Retrograde bloodflow through the left atrium secondary to an incompetent mitral valve

Answer 4

Mitral regurgitation (MR)

(Occurs in 10% of population)

Question 5

Mitral regurgitation can be caused by __ or __

Answer 5

organic disease
Functional abnormality

Question 6

Patients with Mitral regurgitation have an increased risk for

Answer 6

atrial fibrillation

Question 7

Mitral regurgitation may cause __

Answer 7

left ventricular failure

Question 8

Narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that prevents proper opening during diastole and obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Answer 8

Mitral stenosis

Question 9

A murmur may become audible and symptoms occur when the orifice becomes smaller than 2 cm^2

Answer 9

mitral stenosis

Question 10

Predominant cause of mitral stenosis is

Answer 10

rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease

Question 11

Moderate exercise or any factors that increase the heart rate will result in fatigue and exertional dyspnea =

Answer 11

Mitral stenosis

Question 12

When the mitral orifice stenosis approaches __ the condition becomes critical

Answer 12

1 cm^2

Question 13

retrograde blood flow into the left ventricle from the aorta secondary to an inadequately closing aortic valve

Answer 13

Aortic regurgitation (Aortic incompetence or aortic insufficiency)

Question 14

Common causes include aortic root dilation, congenital bicuspid aortic valve, calcific valve disease and rheumatic fever

Answer 14

Aortic regurgitation

Question 15

Chronic aortic regurgitation produces __

Answer 15

LV volume overload

Question 16

obstruction to systolic left ventricular outflow across the aortic valve due to aortic valve thickening/calcification generating a significant pressure gradient

Answer 16

Aortic valve stenosis

Question 17

Symptoms appear for aortic valve stenosis when the valve orifice decrease to __ and is severe when the orifice is __

Answer 17

<1 cm^2
<0.5 cm^2

Question 18

This is most commonly ACQUIRED, most frequently due to degenerative idiopathic calcification of the aortic valve, or rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease or may be congenital

Answer 18

Aortic valve stenosis

Question 19

Early symptoms include decreased exercise tolerance, dyspnea on exertion, exertional dizziness. Late symptoms include exertional angina and left sided congestive heart failure

Answer 19

Aortic valve stenosis