Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen Path > Ischemic heart disease > Flashcards

Ischemic heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

Inability of the coronary arteries to deliver oxygen to myocardium

A

Ischemic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This is a risk/etiology for ischemic heart disease

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 other causes of ischemic heart disease

A

Thromboemboli
Coronary artery vasospasm
Increased cardiac workload and oxygen demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Number 1 cause of ischemic heart disease

A

Coronary artery disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease / ischemic heart disease

A

Angina pectoris
chronic ischemic heart disease
Myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most common clinical form of ischemic heart disease

A

Chronic ischemic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chronic ischemic heart disease leads to

A

left sided congestive heart failure
(Increase risk of other 2 clinical manifestations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Not constant = episode. Sudden onset from myocardial ischemia

A

Angina pectoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 forms of angina pectoris

A

Stable angina
Unstable angina
Varient Angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pain from exertion, predictable, relieved by rest or nitrates (nitroglyceran = vasodilation), 15-20 min duration

A

Stable angina (classic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the #1 cause of stable/classic angina

A

coronary artery disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

More frequent and lasts longer, pain at rest or with minimal exertion

A

Unstable angina (pre-infarction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What needs to be ruled out with unstable angina

A

Non ST segment MI (NSTEMI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what 3 things define unstable angina

A

pain at rest for longer than 20min
Severe pain of NEW onset
crescendo pattern of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

No underlying coronary artery disease, CA vasospasm, occurs in younger ages, pain at rest and in the morning, resolves spontaneously

A

Varient (vasoplastic) angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two things increase risk of varient angina

A

Heavy Cig smokers and cold weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chest pain with an ST segment elevation

A

Varient angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are more likely with varient angina

A

arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to an area of the heart

A

Myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Irreversible injury with prolonged ischemia causes an MI, what type of necrosis is present

A

coagulative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MI’s are most frequently involving the

A

Left ventricle

22
Q

Leading cause of an MI

A

Coronary artery atherosclerosis

23
Q

3 ways to classify an MI

A

Degree of ventricular wall involvement
location of the infarct
presence or absence of an ST segment elevation on ECG

24
Q

Full thickness of ventricle

A

Transmural infarctions

25
Q

Inner 1/3 of the myocardium

A

Subendocardial infarctions

26
Q

Which type of infarction has an ST segment elevation

A

Transmural (subendocardial = no ST segment elevation, or pathologic Q waves)

27
Q

T/F: It is more common not to have an ST segment elevation

A

False! More common to have an MI with an ST segment elevation, Non-ST segment elevation MI is when the blockage is incomplete

28
Q

Similar to angina but more severe and prolonged, and unrelieved by nitroglycerin

A

Acute MI

29
Q

Is there an ST segment elevation in an AMI

A

Yes

30
Q

Most AMI’s occur at __

A

rest

31
Q

30 minutes after occlusion of coronary artery, leads to scar formation

A

Myocardial necrosis

32
Q

Can be painless, and have non-characteristic chest pain

A

Atypical symptoms of an AMI

33
Q

What groups are more likely to have an atypical AMI

A

Elderly
Female
Diabetes

34
Q

Histological changes with an MI:
1. Earliest change within the first day
2. 1-2 days old
3. 2-3 days old
4. 3-4 days old
5. 1-2 weeks in age
6. 2-3 weeks
7. 2 months old

A
  1. contraction band necrosis
  2. dark contraction bands, no nuclei, begin acute inflammation
  3. Neutrophils, coagulative necrosis, dissolution of nuclei. Extensive hemorrhage with fiber necrosis
  4. acute inflammatory cell infiltration, necrotic fibers
  5. macrophages
  6. granulation tissue
  7. collagenous scar
35
Q

3 ways to diagnose an MI

A

Ischemic type chest discomfort
ECG abnormalities
Elevated serum cardiac markers

36
Q

Number 1 way of diagnosing an MI

A

Elevated serum cardiac markers

37
Q

2 main cardiac markers

A

Cardiac-specific troponins T and I (cTnT, cTnI)
Creatine kinase (ck) isoenzymes

38
Q

Which cardiac markers is more often used to diagnose and MI

A

Cardiac specific troponins T and I

39
Q

After how many hours to cardiac specific troponins T and I rise and then peak

A

4-6 hours = rised
peak at 24 hours

40
Q

Creatine kinase isoenzymes (MB(ck2))
CK-MB occurs in __ and is an indicator for __

A

cardiac muscle
myocardial necrosis

41
Q

After __ hours CK-MB levels are abnormal and peak at __ hours

A

6-12
18-24

42
Q

This is also elevated after an MI but is of low diagnostic value because it accumulates after any muscle damage

A

Myoglobin

43
Q

__ is much less specific for MI than cardiac specific troponins or even CK-MB and can be elevated due to other things

A

Lactic dehydrogenase (LD or LDH)

44
Q

3 major complications of an MI

A

Arrhythmias
Progressive heart failure
Ventricular aneurysm

45
Q

What arrhythmia is the most sudden cause of cardiac death in the 1st hour post MI

A

Ventricular fibrillation

46
Q

Progressive heart failure is when it involves __ of the left ventricle

A

20-25%

47
Q

Progressive heart failure results in congestive heart failure with __ of left ventricle is effected, and this is considered __

A

more than or equal to 40%
cardiogenic shock
(Most common IN HOSPITAL cause of death with AMI’s)

48
Q

Late complication in 12-20% of MI patients

A

Ventricular aneurysm

49
Q

A ventricular aneurysm can result in a __ in 50% of cases because the heart cannot contract

A

Mural thrombi

50
Q

Most common 4-7 days post infarction, responsible for up to 20% of all fatal MI’s

A

rupture of the myocardium

51
Q

Symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia
- unstable angina pectoris
- non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- ST segment myocardial infarction

A

Acute coronary syndrome

52
Q

Unexpected death due to cardiac causes

A

Sudden cardiac death

Gen Path (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions