Valvular Disorders

Question 1

Mitral Valve Stenosis (pathophysiology)

Answer 1

opening narrows preventing normal blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

Leads to left sided HF, pulmonary congestion, and high sided HF

Question 2

Causes of valvular disorders

Answer 2

Rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, Age, MI, HTN, Genetics

Question 3

S/S of mitral valve stenosis

Answer 3

Left sided HF and right sided HF symptoms
fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hepatomegaly, JVD, edema
Hemoptysis
A fib

Question 4

Mitral valve stenosis sound

Answer 4

Rumbling apical diastolic murmur

Question 5

Mitral Valve Regurgitation (Pathophysiology)

Answer 5

fibrosis and calcification of mitral valve prevents it from fully closing

Systole: back flow of blood into the left atrium when left ventricle contracts

Diastole: regurgitant blood mixes with normal blood flow and causes increased volume of blood for the left ventricle to eject during the next systole

Leads to dilation/hypertrophy to compensate

Question 6

S/S of mitral valve regurgitation

Answer 6

left and right HF symptoms

A fib

Question 7

Mitral valve regurgitation sound

Answer 7

high pitched holosystolic murmur

louder than mitral stenosis

Question 8

Mitral valve prolapse (pathophysiology)

Answer 8

problem with connective tissue
valvular leaflets enlarge and prolapse into left atrium during systole
this is hereditary problem

Question 9

S/S of mitral valve prolapse

Answer 9

Atypical CP, dizziness, syncope
Atrial tachycardia
V tach

Question 10

Mitral valve prolapse sound

Answer 10

Systolic click

Question 11

Aortic stenosis (pathophysiology)

Answer 11

aortic valve narrows and obstructs ventricular outflow during systole
increases after load and leads to ventricular hypertrophy

Question 12

S/S of aortic stenosis

Answer 12

dyspnea of exertion, syncope on exertion, fatigue, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
ANGINA
narrowed pulse pressure

Question 13

Aortic stenosis sound

Answer 13

Harsh, systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur

Question 14

Aortic regurgitation (pathophysiology)

Answer 14

aortic leaflets don’t close properly during diastole which causes blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta at rest

left ventricle dilates to compensate and eventually hypertrophies

Question 15

S/S of aortic regurgitation

Answer 15

palpitations, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, fatigue
ANGINA
widened pulse pressure with an increased systolic pressure and decreased diastolic
Sinus Tachycardia

Question 16

Aortic regurgitation sound

Answer 16

Blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur