Valvular Diseases

Question 1

What is concentric hypertrophy?

Answer 1

Muscle thickens in LV most often in response to Aortic Stenosis

Question 2

What is Eccentric hypertrophy?

Answer 2

The Dilation of the Heart Chanbers (LV) usually in response to regurgitation

Question 3

What is the difference between acute hypertrophy and Chronic regurgitation?

Answer 3

1. In acute regurgitation there will be a murmur without the hypertrophy (heart hasn’t had time to adapt)
2. Rise in pressures

Question 4

What are the clinical symptoms of Acute regurgitation?

Answer 4

1. Heart Failure
2. Chest Pain
3. Syncope
4. Arrhythmias

Question 5

How does Aortic stenosis affect blood pressures?

Answer 5

There is a Gradient between Aorticsystolic BP and Ventricular systolic BP

Question 6

In order to determine the severity of Cardiac Lesions What must one know?

Answer 6

1. Flow (Cardiac Output)

2. Gradient

Question 7

What is the most common cause of Mitral Stenosis?

Answer 7

Rheumatic fever

Question 8

What is the Clinical result of Mitral Stenosis?

Answer 8

Right Heart Failure + Pulmonary congestion

Question 9

What would dilatation of the Left Ventricle cause (Valvular disease)?

Answer 9

Mitral Regurgitation by pulling the supporting structure away from the valve with dilation

Question 10

What is the most common cause of Mitral regurgitation?

Answer 10

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Question 11

What is the most common cause of acute Mitral regurgitation?

Answer 11

1. Infection

2. M.I

Question 12

With a systolic murmur indicative of Atrial stenosis in patients 15-65 what is to be suspected?

Answer 12

Congenital abnormality of Aortic valve (Born with 2 leaflets vs 3) Bicuspid Aortic valve

Question 13

With a systolic murmur indicative of Atrial stenosis in Children what is to be suspected?

Answer 13

Congenital Aortic valve defect (Unicuspid valve)

Question 14

With a systolic murmur indicative of Atrial stenosis in patients >65 what is to be suspected?

Answer 14

Aortic valve degeneration, calcification

Question 15

What are some of the Clinical signs of Aortic Stenosis?

Answer 15

1. Concentric Hypertrophy
2. Delayed Arterial Pulse= Tardus
3. Weakened Arterial Pulse=Parvus

Question 16

What are some of the symptoms of Aortic stenosis?

Answer 16

1. Angina
2. Syncope
3. Heart Failure
4. Sudden Death

Question 17

To make a diagnosis of endocarditis what must be present?

Answer 17

1. Bacteremia

2. Diseased valves

Question 18

What is needed to begin pathophysiology of endocarditis? First Step?

Answer 18

Lesion of the heart valve