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Behavioural Intervention > Values & Opportunities > Flashcards

Values & Opportunities Flashcards

1
Q

what are behaviour analysts primarily interested in?

A

behaviour change

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2
Q

how do people want to behave?

A

in a manner that aligns with their values

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3
Q

what can behaviour analysis helps us do? (2 things)

A

understand why people engage in a behaviour and how to change the environment to encourage more positive behaviours

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4
Q

what is the main assumption of BA?

A

people engage in a behaviour because the outcomes improve things in some way (improvement is the function of behaviour)

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5
Q

what are the 3 steps of how to change behaviour?

A
  1. consider why this behaviour should be changed - who does the change benefit; is the outcome of the change worth the effort of making the change
  2. identify the function of the behaviour - if the goal is to decrease a behaviour then also identify a functionally equivalent alternative behaviour (DRA)
  3. alter the environmental variables to make desirable behaviours more likely and undesirable behaviours less likely
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6
Q

what is the 4 term contingency?

A

motivating operations (antecedent)
discriminative stimulus (antecedent)
behaviour
consequences

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7
Q

what are motivating operations?

A

Temporary states and emotions.
Make consequence more/less reinforcing.
Make it more/less likely that a person will do something to achieve that consequence.
Does all of its work on the consequence.
It is why you want something.

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8
Q

what is the discriminative stimulus?

A

Signal in the environment that a behaviour may result in the reinforcing consequence.
The availability of the consequence.

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9
Q

what is included in behaviour?

A

everything we do and think

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10
Q

what are consequences?

A

Why we do the behaviour.
Reinforcer and punisher.

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11
Q

What is a reinforcer and its types?

A

Consequences that make a behaviour more likely to happen; make something better in some way.
Positive: add something good.
Negative: remove something unwanted.

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12
Q

what is a punisher and its types?

A

Consequences that make a behaviour less likely to happen in the same antecedent conditions; make things worse in some way.
Positive: add something unwanted.
Negative: remove something unwanted.

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13
Q

What are variables that impact choice/how reinforcing a stimulus will be? (9 things)

A

Rate of reinforcement.
Quality of reinforcement.
Amount of reinforcement.
Delay to reinforcement.
Response effort.
History of reinforcement.
Learning history.
Novelty.
Deprivation state (EO’s).

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14
Q

what is “atomic habits”
cue =
craving =
reward =
response =

A

James Clear’s book on “the habit loop” which is a re-stated 4-term contingency.
Cue = SD
Craving = MO
Reward = consequence
Response = behaviour

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15
Q

what does it mean to say the 4-term contingency is a description?

A

it is an observation; it is not an opinion or a belief system.

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16
Q

what is BA often associated with? (negative)

A

Power imbalances

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17
Q

what are 4 examples of bad practice done in the name of BA?

A

Conversion therapy.
Electric shock to reduce self-injurious behaviours.
Reinforcing autistic children for masking.
Punishing autistic children for engaging in self-stimulatory behaviours.

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18
Q

what can too much reinforcement lead to?

A

Too much reinforcement can be coercive and change the motivation for someone doing something.

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19
Q

what is the UK society for behaviour analysis?

A

UK professional body for behavioural analysis.

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20
Q

what is the UK-SBA position statement for the use of punishment?

A

policy that condemns the use of procedures that are harmful, degrading, painful, or dehumanising

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21
Q

what does the UK-SBA code of ethical and professional conduct say about consent?

A

A lot of the people worked with are vulnerable; and a lot of those surrounding them have beliefs about what is best for the individual.
Highlighting the role of assent = individual agrees with what you’re doing, even if they don’t have the capacity to consent.
We don’t work with clients that are unhappy; if a child is crying we stop.

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22
Q

how are behaviour analysis and behaviour modification distinct?

A

Behaviour modification = the bad side; trying to change behaviour by manipulating consequences only (just using reinforcement and punishment).
Commonly used.

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23
Q

what are the problems with behaviour modification? (3)

A

It is clumsy.
Over-reliance on consequences can have undesirable/unintended consequences.
It can be controlling (a lot of reinforcement can be coercive) and unethical.

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24
Q

in comparison to behaviour modification, behaviour analysis is … and … …
…-… and …-…
emphasises … …

A

Subtle and takes time.
Multi-disciplinary and values-led.
It emphasises teaching skills.

25
Q

BA is the science of …?

A

understanding behaviour

26
Q

BA is a … driven practice that seeks to change behaviours of …?

A

values driven
social importance

27
Q

BA is a profession with … standards that is recognised by the Professional Standards Authority

A

rigorous training standards

28
Q

training in BA equips practitioners to provide an …, …, … service

A

ethical, values-led, effective service.

29
Q

what is BCBA?

A

board certified behaviour analysts

30
Q

how does someone become BCBA?

A

Students take a verified Msc course and receive 2000hrs of supervised experience and pass a qualifying exam.
Have significant CPD requirements with an emphasis on ethics.

31
Q

when will BCBA no longer certify applicants from the UK?

A

after 2026

32
Q

What is the UK society for BA?

A

UK based organisation that seeks to improve access to ABA provision and increase the accountability of behaviour analysts in the UK.
Have a PSA approved register for behaviour analysts.
Launched the UKBA(cert).

33
Q

what did the UK-SBA launch in January 2023?

A

UKBA(cert) - the professional qualification for BA in the UK.

34
Q

what is good about the UKBA(cert)?

A

Gives us a unique identity for BA in the UK.
Means we can work on our own contingencies rather than America’s, which are different (e.g., medical model of autism)

35
Q

what do you need to become UKBA(cert)?

A

Masters in BA and/or approved postgraduate degree in BA.
Externally verified supervision.
Pass a qualifying exam.

36
Q

Where are the 5 universities offering MSc in BA and how are the courses delivered?

A

Bangor - hybrid
Kent - in person
Queens - fully remote
Ulster - in person
University of South Wales - in person

37
Q

what are the 3 practitioner values?

A
  1. We are committed to understanding individuals.
  2. We are committed to understanding the context of behaviour.
  3. We are committed to advancing the field.
38
Q

What does the practitioner value 1 involve?
Committed to understanding …
… partnerships that respect and promote …, …, and ….
To ensure outcomes of any intervention are …, …, and … to the individuals involved.

A

Committed to understanding individuals.
Collaborative partnerships that respect and promote equity, diversity, and inclusion.
To ensure outcomes of any intervention are important, understandable, and acceptable to the individuals involved.

39
Q

What is practitioner value 2?
We are committed to understanding …
We understand behaviour is a … of …
Take a … approach (skill building approach) to recognise and understand the … and work to extend knowledge and skills to achieve …

A

We are committed to understanding the context of behaviour.
We understand behaviour is a function of unique context.
Take a constructional approach (skill building approach) to recognise and understand the starting point and work to extend knowledge and skills to achieve meaningful outcomes.

40
Q

what is practitioner value 3?
We are committed to … … …
We will consciously … our practice in keeping with advances in science and society, so that we pursue …, remain …, and demonstrate a … … … in response in new information.
Advances our … practice and in the field.

A

We are committed to advancing the field.
We will consciously evolve our practice in keeping with advances in science and society, so that we pursue conversations, remain curious, and demonstrate a willingness to change in response in new information.
Advances our individual practice and in the field.

41
Q

What is traditional training? (5 points)

A

Hours-based (‘experience’ is a function of time).
Knowledge-focus.
Supervisor-centred: supervisor holds more responsibility for learning; supervisee is passive.
Learning ‘occurs’ within a given time frame; advancement when time elapses.
Supervision is based on curriculum.

42
Q

What is competence-based training? (5 points)

A

Outcome-based (‘experience’ is a function of competence).
Holistic performance; knowledge and skills.
Supervisee-centred: collaborative relationship between supervisor and supervisee; supervisee is active.
Self-paced and self-directed; advancement through many small assessments of competence.
Supervision is based on competence standards.

43
Q

what are the 3 parts/examples of BA in maintained schools?

A

Early Years Teaching in SEN Schools.
A curriculum for behaviour.
Positive Behaviour Support.

44
Q

What does BESST stand for?

A

British Early Special Schools Teaching.

45
Q

What does BESST involve?
… schools.
… teaching sessions … hrs a week.
… behaviour plans.
… teaching sessions.
Children have an assigned activity with a named member of staff all day - … children work with … staff.
… design and supervise programmes in … with teachers.
… deliver the interventions.
…-led classrooms.

A

SEN schools.
One-to-one teaching sessions 5-7hrs a week.
Function-based behaviour plans.
Group teaching sessions.
Children have an assigned activity with a named member of staff all day - all children work with all staff.
Behaviour analysts design and supervise programmes in collaboration with teachers.
Teaching staff deliver the interventions.
Teacher-led classrooms.

46
Q

what did Pitts et al. show?

A

That behaviour analysis of 1hr per day for 1yr led to 2yrs worth of gains made in the year; and this was just as good as other data for children getting 40hrs a week of one-to-one therapy.

47
Q

how did Maggie use function-based behaviour plans with a non-verbal autistic child?

A

Gave him access to the lift he enjoyed non-contingently.

48
Q

what was the example in food acceptance?

A

Gave tiny amounts of pudding until they reached acceptance. If the child said no, they stopped.

49
Q

what are the priorities of function-based BA?
… the learner
identify what is … to them and how they …
help … … … so they can succeed.
teach … so they can be as … as possible

A

Understand the learner.
Identify what is important to them and how they communicate.
Help arrange the environment so they can succeed.
Teach the skills so they can be as independent as possible.

50
Q

what did Millie Blandford-Elliot demonstrate?

A

4-6-year-olds with behaviour that was so aggressive that they had been expelled from mainstream primary school.
In the 2yrs before the intervention, there was frequent restraints used.
But after the behavioural approach there was no restraint use.

51
Q

what do school-based interventions involve (3 things) and what are they compatible with?

A

Functional assessment of behaviour.
Emphasis on skill building.
Antecedent and consequent interventions both used.
Highly compatible with trauma informed practice.

52
Q

What is early intensive behavioural intervention?

A

Create an appropriate learning environment for children with learning disabilities and/or autistic children.
Devote 20-40hrs per week 1:1 teaching.
Teach basic skills.
Idea that if you teach intensively you can catch them up on skills that they would not get in the natural environment.

53
Q

what was the problem with early intensive behavioural intervention?

A

Flying Americans to UK; children weren’t seen often.
Outcomes were good but there was no next step so a lot of the programmes continued for a long time.
Ethical complexity.

54
Q

What is a typical modern UK-EIBI programme?
Designed for children ages … yrs.
A … … … is used to identify any gaps in skills or knowledge.
Skills are taught in a … setting for between … hrs per week.
Data collected on … … of programming.
Programme overseen by …/….
Typically … programmes where … fund it in the early stages.
BCBA is almost always from …

A

Designed for children ages 2-6yrs.
A developmental skill assessment is used to identify any gaps in skills or knowledge.
Skills are taught in a 1:1 setting for between 15-40hrs per week.
Data collected on all aspects of programming.
Programme overseen by BCBA/UKBA(cert).
Typically home programmes where parents fund it themselves in the early stages.
BCBA is almost always from private practice.

55
Q

what is PBS?
Emphasis on … … and … manipulations (to change the …).
Tend to work with … and … with … …
Focus of PBS is to … … to improve … … … and …
…-… and …

A

Emphasis on skill building and antecedent manipulations (to change the environment).
Tend to work with adults and children with intellectual disability.
Focus of PBS is to teach skills to improve quality of life and independence.
Values-led and ethical.

56
Q

What did Morgan et al. show about PBS Halton?
90% showed reduction in … …
62% showed an increase of … …
77% increased engagement with … …
40% increased … …

A

Works with people with significant cases.
90% showed reduction in challenging behaviour.
62% showed an increase of functional skills.
77% increased engagement with meaningful activity.
40% increased community participation.

57
Q

what is the Halton service?

A

Local authority service helping decrease challenging behaviour and reintegrate people into their communities.

58
Q

what is behavioural garentology?

A

Functional assessment of challenging behaviours of people with dementia.
Advice for carers on how to arrange the environment to improve quality of life for people with dementia.
Primarily relies on antecedent interventions.
Categorically not skills teaching (people are losing rather than gaining skills).
But still seeing the 4-term contingency.

59
Q

what is OBM?

A

Organisational and behavioural management.
An emerging practice in the UK.
UK-based practitioners work in aviation and NHS to steam-line systems and improve productivity.
Working with companies to improve productivity and skills training.
Profitable side of BA.

Behavioural Intervention (14 decks)

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