CBT development Flashcards
1/6 people have what?
A diagnosable mental health condition
by how much did the number of people diagnosed with anxiety and depression increase in the past 30yrs?
40% - greater for young women and other vulnerable groups (LGBTQ+)
what did the pandemic trigger?
25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide
what are the 2 effective approaches to treating psychological distress?
pharmacological and psychological
how much has pharmacological treatment increased in the past 30yrs?
10-fold increase
how does pharmacological treatment define effectiveness?
symptom relief
The broader criteria for effectiveness in psychological approaches:
increases sense of …
teaches …
… effects (lower …)
no …
no …
Increases sense of personal empowerment.
Teaches skills for life.
Preventive effects – lower relapse rates.
No dependency.
No rebound effect.
Psychological therapy can help people…
understand their … (what is this called?)
support their …
enhance their …
build their …
Understand their problems (psychoeducation).
Support their own recovery.
Enhance their positive wellbeing.
Build their resilience level.
what are the dates for the evolution of CBT?
1960s = first wave; behaviour therapy.
1970s = second wave; added cognitive therapy.
1990s = third wave; several additional approaches
Behaviour therapy views MH conditions as … … … which stems from … (including …)
Views MH conditions as learned maladaptive behaviours which stem from conditioning, classical and operant, including vicarious learning.
what kind of reinforcement schedule does behaviour therapy use?
positive reinforcement schedule; behaviour shaped towards an adaptive behaviour
What does reciprocal inhibition mean?
certain emotions are incompatible with other emotions (at a neurobiological level)
what is an example of a therapeutic technique using reciprocal inhibition?
systematic desensitisation: deep muscular relaxation paired with gradual hierarchy of phobic stimuli
Behaviour therapy for depression is based on the idea that depression results from …
too little environmental reinforcement or too much environmental punishment
who are the two founders of cognitive therapy?
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
what is the cognitive rationale?
Importance on what we think - i.e., subjective reality/experience is more important than reality
what does a person’s emotional response to a situation depends on?
a person’s emotional response to a situation depends on their appraisal of that situation
consequences of appraisal differ in what terms?
emotional
what does Beck’s cognitive therapy help us to identify?
Cognitive errors and distortions that lead to unnecessary distress or maladaptive behaviour.
what does Beck’s cognitive therapy try to do with our identified cognitive errors and distortions?
Correct for these biases and unwanted hypotheses.
what kind of approach is cognitive therapy?
Problem solving.
Problem = appraisals distorted.
Solution = help to see things clearly.
What 6 things does cognitive therapy help people become?
More rational.
More reasonable.
More realistic.
More evidence based.
To keep things in perspective.
To be more balanced in their judgement.
what are the 3 types of cognitive distortions?
Irrational thoughts and beliefs.
Illogical reasoning.
Negative judgement biases (e.g., focus on problems and failures).
What 3 words are emphases in Ellis’ irrational beliefs?
Should, ought, must.
How does Beck suggest cognitive beliefs develop?
During childhood and beyond we develop core beliefs about ourselves, other people, the world, and the future.
These are often unrealistic and irrational and have profound effects on how we feel and behave.
What are the aspects of Beck’s cognitive hierarchy?
Core beliefs (schema) -> intermediate beliefs (assumptions) -> automatic thoughts (NATs)
What do NATs come in and how can we use them to identify beliefs?
They come in clusters (variations on the same core belief/schema). Work backwards from these patterns to identify the schema it comes from and challenge them.