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Behavioural Intervention > Prosocial > Flashcards

Prosocial Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 roots of prosocial?

A

Ostrom’s core design principles (CDPs)
Evolution and multilevel selection
Contextual behavioural science (CBS)

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2
Q

What is MLS?

A

A unifying theoretical framework provided by evolutionary theory (multilevel selection)
Elinor Ostrom & David Sloan Wilson

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3
Q

What is contextual behavioural science and an example?

A

Psychology of behaviour change with proven methods for helping individuals and groups move towards valued goals.
E.g., ACT: underpinned by RFT; transdiagnostic approach; experiential approach at its heart

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4
Q

what are values and what effect does exploring/articulating them through RFT have?

A

Understanding things that are important to you as an individual and that you share with others.
Things that give yours and others’ lives meaning.
They can change over time.
A way of living, as opposed to an end in itself.
When we articulate them through RFT, we start to hurt.

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5
Q

What represents our values?

A

Our behaviours; people can infer our values from our behaviours.

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6
Q

what is a central feature of individual well-being (Aked et al., 2008)?

A

meaningful connection to social context.

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7
Q

social connectedness is one of the six core features of what?

A

positive psychological wellbeing

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8
Q

what is DNAV?

A

ACT for teenagers and young people; done in a slightly different way; incorporates positive psychology; children and teenagers know less about who they are and want to be as they have a shorter learning history

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9
Q

how can you tell we are a social cooperative species?

A

Our eyes: more whites so we can identify where another is looking.
– A facial structure that has evolved to pay joint attention to things.
Our hearts: connection between social isolation and anxiety/depression; have evolved to yearn a meaningful connection and send of belonging.

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10
Q

what is natural selection and who discovered it?

A

Darwin.
Involves 3 basic processes: variation, selection, and hereditary – individuals naturally vary in their traits and those that increase chance of survival/reproduction are more likely to be passed on

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11
Q

who discovered units of selection and what are these called?

A

Mendel (1866) and his work on peas.
Units were called genes in 1905.

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12
Q

what are the 4 distinct evolutionary inheritance streams?

A

Genetic, epigenetic, learning, cultural/symbolic.

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13
Q

how does evolution take place regarding the 4 inheritance streams?

A

Within and across the four interacting streams to create a complex dynamic process

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14
Q

what is genetic inheritance?

A

Genes are a heritable unit.
Mutations and changes in DNA (variation) that support survival and reproduction (selection) are more likely to be passed on to offspring (retention).
Individual organisms live and die and species evolve as they adapt to their local environments.

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15
Q

what is epigenetic inheritance?

A

Hereditary system distinct from genetic evolution.
Genetic code alone isn’t enough to describe what happens.
Different cells use/express different parts of our genes depending which are turned on/off by epigenetic modifications.
Epigenetic modifications can be passed across generations – i.e., can be influenced by environmental factors which get passed on.
E.g., WW2 Dutch Hunger Winter.

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16
Q

What is learning and behavioural inheritance?

A

Talking about what you learn across a lifetime.
Learning occurs when behavioural variants are selected (reinforced) by the consequences they produce and hence are more or less likely to occur again in the future in similar contexts.
Behaviours are selected and the operant evolves (just as organisms live and die and the species evolves).
Skinner said we are a stage of dynamic interplay between phylogenics and ontogenics.

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17
Q

what are phylogenics?

A

genetics

18
Q

what are ontogenics?

A

history of our lives; learning what does and doesn’t work for us.

19
Q

what is the cultural/symbolic inheritance stream?

A

Cultural evolution.
One individual copies (replicates) the behaviour of another; when this includes offspring the behaviour becomes transgenerational.
Symbolic systems and language - allows the accumulation and rapid transmission of ever more knowledge (action).
Humans’ capacity to cooperate flexibly and in large numbers is based on our capacity to construct shared fictions.

20
Q

human’s capacity to cooperate flexibly and in large numbers is based on what?

A

our capacity to construct shared fictions

21
Q

what is cultural evolution?

A

the transmission of behaviours within and across generations.

22
Q

what is the extended evolutionary synthesis?

A

ESS.
Adaptive change across multiple inheritance streams and levels.
Behaviour of an organism can systematically shape the environment which in turn shapes it.

23
Q

How does the traditional view of heritability and the ESS view differ?

A

Traditional: heritable variation is largely the product of random genetic mutations which are unaffected by environmental conditions.
ESS: the behaviour of an organism can systematically shape the environment which in turn shapes it; evolutionary change is not fully random; humans can consciously and quickly direct evolution.

24
Q

what happens when behaviour changes lead to sustained environmental change?

A

It changes the selection pressure on our genes.

25
Q

what is a human example of “where behaviour leads, genes follow”?

A

Human migration northwards; led to changes in skin/eye colour and adaptation to lower temperatures.

26
Q

what is niche construction? Examples?

A

process by which an organism changes its environment, which in turn alters the species genetics.
e.g., beavers; domesticating cattle changed the human genetic ability to digest milk.

27
Q

What is multilevel selection theory?

A

Natural selection occurs at many levels: cells in our bodies, individuals, groups.
Groups increase cooperativeness/effectiveness and gain competitive advantage over others.
Selection pressure creates between-group competition: groups of individuals that helped each other would outcompete groups of individuals that did not.
Threat and fear can drive people together but often it creates an outgroup (othering the group we are in competition with).
Between-group competition leads to a selection pressure for within-group cooperation.
Finding the values we share to find ways that work for everyone is what prosocial is about.

28
Q

in MLS, between-group competition leads to what for within-group cooperation?

A

a selection pressure

29
Q

what did William Muir (1990) demonstrate?

A

The best group wins out over the best individuals combined.
Wanted to increase egg laying in chickens; when most productive hens were selected and caged together, there were fewer eggs produced and more aggression. Whereas a parallel experiment at the cage (group) level showed that selection at the group level led to more cooperative and socially amicable hens, which greater egg production.
After 5 generations, the first experiment laid 60% fewer eggs, the second 160% more.

30
Q

for the group to be successful, what should they do and why?

A

behaviours that are good for the individual are often bad for the group; so to be successful the individuals should promote cooperative and prosocial behaviours above self-interest.

31
Q

what is prosocial behaviour

A

Everyday cooperative behaviour that benefits other people or the wider group.
Win-win interactions and altruistic behaviour (benefits other more than the person engaging in it).
Create something that is greater than the some of its parts when certain circumstances and the CDPs are met.

32
Q

How do groups encourage and support prosociality? (6 things)

A

Encourage and support prosociality with language, values, stories, social rules, laws and rewards systems (broadly referred to as culture).

33
Q

How did we see prosocial behaviour emerge in the pandemic?

A

Initial self-interested behaviour (stock piling) replaced by prosocial messages and behaviour (volunteers).

34
Q

Who is Elinor Ostrom and what did she do?

A

Political scientist; won Nobel prize for economics for work on how individuals cooperate to manage common resources sustainably (1990).
Examined groups around the word and found that humans (in the right conditions) were good at sharing resources, and sometimes creating mechanisms to share resources for thousands of years.
Created the CDPs.
Provided an alternative narrative to talking about either top-down regulation (told what to do) or markets (things left down to chance).

35
Q

What did Wilson find in groups using the CDPs?

A

Better working and wellbeing; was difficult for individuals to benefit themselves at the expense of each other, so only way to succeed was as a group.

36
Q

What are the 8 CDPs?

A
  1. shared purpose and identity
  2. equitable distribution of costs and benefits
  3. fair and inclusive decison-making
  4. monitoring behaviour
  5. graduated responses to helpful and unhelpful behaviour
  6. fast and fair conflict resolution
  7. authority to self-govern
  8. collaborative relations with other groups
37
Q

why is shared purpose and identity important?

A

Group functions best when members clearly understand its purpose.
Members perceive purpose as being worthwhile.
Pride and pleasure in belonging are increased.
Behaviour is guided through shared norms and values.

38
Q

what are the 4 parts to the ACT matrix? (line, above, below, middle)

A

Line = organisms move away from unpleasant stimuli and towards things important to us.
Above line = inner worlds; thoughts and feelings; head and our hearts.
Below the line: outer actions; actions/behaviours others can see us doing; hands and our feet.
Middle: noticing the two dimensions of your experience

39
Q

Who is the ACT matrix used with and why?

A

Done with groups to ensure they function well and are cooperative; often reveals that we are more similar than we are different.

40
Q

how do you rate the 8 CDPs?

A

With the spokes diagram

41
Q

what is the “tragedy of commons”?

A

tension between individual and group

Behavioural Intervention (14 decks)

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