Validity

Question 1

What is validity in research?

Answer 1

Is it true, accurate, or believable

Question 2

What is internal validity?

Answer 2

Study is conducted with sufficient controls of IV and DV

Question 3

What does internal validity question?

Answer 3

The cause and effect relationship between the change of the IV and the observed change of the DV

Question 4

What is social desirability bias?

Answer 4

Participants hide their genuine opinion/behaviours to look good

Question 5

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 5

Participants think they have discovered the aim and behave in a way they believe will support the researcher’s theory

Question 6

What are investigator effects?

Answer 6

Researcher’s behaviour influences participant’s behaviour, including bias

Question 7

What are uncontrolled extraneous variables?

Answer 7

Lack of control, doesn’t use standardised procedures, controls participant variables or identifies and eliminates extraneous variables

Question 8

What is external validity?

Answer 8

Can the study’s findings be generalised beyond the study to the real world

Question 9

What is ecological validity?

Answer 9

Extent the findings of a study can be generalised to alternative environments

Question 10

What is mundane realism?

Answer 10

Extent the task used in an experiment is similar to real-world experiences

Question 11

What is population validity?

Answer 11

Extent to which the sample used is representative of the target population

Question 12

What is temporal validity?

Answer 12

Extent to which findings can be generalised to other time periods

Question 13

What is face validity?

Answer 13

Does the test appear to measure what it claims to be measuring

Question 14

What is criterion validity?

Answer 14

Confidence in the validity of a test increases if data can be compared to another measure of the same variable and identify a correlation

Question 15

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 15

Extent to which data from a newly created test is similar to an established test of the same variable conducted at the same time

Question 16

What indicates high concurrent validity?

Answer 16

Strength of correlation is +0.8 or higher

Question 17

What is predictive validity?

Answer 17

Extent to which performance on a test can predict future performance, outcomes, or behaviour

Question 18

How can internal validity be improved?

Answer 18

Demonstrating high level of control over variables

Question 19

What is random allocation?

Answer 19

A method to improve internal validity by randomly assigning participants to different groups

Question 20

What are standard procedures?

Answer 20

Consistent methods used to improve internal validity

Question 21

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 21

A technique used to control for order effects in a study

Question 22

What are single and double-blind trials?

Answer 22

Methods to prevent bias by keeping participants and/or researchers unaware of group assignments

Question 23

What is peer review?

Answer 23

A process to improve validity by having other experts evaluate the research

Question 24

What is external validity?

Answer 24

Improved by demonstrating that findings are generalisable

External validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to, or have relevance for settings, people, times, and measures other than the one used in the study.

Question 25

How does replication improve external validity?

Answer 25

Ensures cause and effect relationship is not just limited to one experimental/observational set up ## Footnote Replication helps to confirm that the findings are consistent and reliable across different studies.

Question 26

What effect does replicating with multiple settings have?

Answer 26

Improves ecological validity ## Footnote Ecological validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-life settings.

Question 27

What is the impact of replicating with diverse groups?

Answer 27

Improves population validity ## Footnote Population validity is concerned with the extent to which findings can be generalized to and across the population.

Question 28

What does replicating historical studies improve?

Answer 28

Improves temporal validity ## Footnote Temporal validity pertains to whether the findings of a study can be generalized across different time periods.

Question 29

What is the effect of replicating using real-world tasks?

Answer 29

Improves mundane realism ## Footnote Mundane realism refers to how closely the materials and procedures of a study resemble the real-world situations they are intended to represent.