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Analysis of Urine, Other Body Fluids, and Miscellaneous Specimens > Vaginal Fluid > Flashcards

Vaginal Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

one of the most common conditions diagnosed by health-care providers for female patients, particularly women of childbearing age

A

Vaginitis

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2
Q

Microscopic methods include a _

A

saline wet mount examination, potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination

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3
Q

gold standard exam for vaginal secretion

A

Gram stain

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4
Q

protein to diagnose ruptured fetal membranes, or fetal fibronectin enzyme to assess the risk of preterm delivery

A

placental a1-microglobulin (PAMG-1)

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5
Q

for specimen collection, may contain antibacterial agents and must not be used

A

lubricants

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6
Q

The specimen is collected by swabbing the _ to collect epithelial cells along with the vaginal secretions using one or more sterile, _on a plastic shaft or swabs specifically designated by the manufacturer.

A

vaginal walls and vaginal pool

;polyester-tipped swabs

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7
Q

Cotton swabs should not be used because cotton is toxic to

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae,

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8
Q

the wood in a wooden shaft may be toxic to

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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9
Q

calcium alginate can inactivate _ for viral cultures

A

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

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10
Q

The health-care provider performs a gross examination of the vaginal secretions and then places the swab in a tube containing _ of sterile physiologic saline

A

0.5 to 1.0 mL

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11
Q

Thin, homogeneous, white- to-gray vaginal discharge

A

bacterial vaginosis

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12
Q

White, curd-like vaginal discharge

“cottage-cheese like”

A

candidiasis

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13
Q

Yellow-green frothy adherent vaginal discharge increased in volume

A

trichomoniasis

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14
Q

Excessive purulent vaginal discharge, vaginal erythema

A

desquamative inflammatory vaginitis

atrophic vaginitis

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15
Q

candidiasis has pH of

A

3.8 - 4.5

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16
Q

bacterial vaginosis has _ clue cells

A

> 20%

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17
Q

Large clumps of epithelial cells are present in

A

candidiasis

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18
Q

Occasional parabasal or basal cells

> 1+ RBCs

A

desquamative inflammatory vaginitis

atrophic vaginitis

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19
Q

Budding yeast cells and pseudohyphae can be seen in

A

candidiasis

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20
Q

2+ gram- positive cocci

A

desquamative inflammatory vaginitis

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21
Q

positive in amine test (whiff)

A

bacterial vaginosis

trichomoniasis

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22
Q

Specimens must be kept at room temperature to preserve the motility of _ and the recovery of _

A

Trichomonas vaginalis; N. gonorrhoeae

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23
Q

Specimens for T. vaginalis should be examined within _ hours of collection

A

2

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24
Q

_ and _ must be refrigerated to prevent overgrowth of normal flora

A

C. trachomatis and herpes simplex virus

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25
Q

normal vaginal flora includes a predominance of large, rod-shaped, gram-positive _ and _

A

lactobacilli; squamous epithelial cells

26
Q

t/f. wbc and rbc may be present if px if menstruating

A

true

27
Q

normal appearance of vaginal secretions

A

White, flocculent discharge

28
Q

normal pH of vaginal secretions

A

3.8 - 4.2

29
Q

normal amine (whiff) test of vaginal secretions

A

neg

30
Q

normal wbcs of vaginal secretions

A

2+

31
Q

normal lactobacilli of vaginal secretions

A

predominant

32
Q

normal clue cells of vaginal secretions

A

absent

33
Q

lactobacilli produces the end product _ from glycogen metabolism. _ provides an acidic vaginal environment with a pH value between 3.8 and 4.5

A

lactic acid

34
Q

Some lactobacilli subgroups also produce _, which is toxic to pathogens, and helps keep the vaginal pH acidic to provide protection from urogenital infections.

_ has been associated with the absence of hydrogen peroxide–producing lactobacilli

A

hydrogen peroxide

Bacterial vaginosis

35
Q

_ production also is necessary to preserve an acidic vaginal environment

A

estrogen

36
Q

used as a confirmatory examination for yeast or bacterial vaginosis

A

gram stain

37
Q

Less than 10 organisms or cells/slide

A

rare

38
Q

6 to 30 organisms or cells/hpf

A

3+

39
Q

a polygonal “flagstone” appearance. They contain a prominent centrally located nucleus about the size of a red blood cell and a large amount of irregular cytoplasm, lacking granularity, with distinct cell margins

A

Squamous epithelial cells

25-70 μm

40
Q

abnormal variation of the squamous epithelial cell; granular, irregular appearance sometimes described as “shaggy.”

A

clue cells

41
Q

diagnostic of bacterial vaginosis caused by G. vaginalis

A

clue cells

42
Q

rbc in diameter

wbc in diameter

A

7-8 um

14-16 um

43
Q

RBCs can be confused with yeast cells and are distinguished from yeast cells by _, which will lyse the RBCs but allow the yeast cells to remain intact.

A

KOH

44
Q

marked basophilic granulation or amorphic basophilic structures (“blue blobs”) in the surrounding cytoplasm

A

parabasal cells

16-40 um

45
Q

located deep in the basal layer of the vaginal stratified epithelium

A

basal cells

10-16 um

46
Q

appear as large gram-positive, nonmotile rods on Gram stain and produce lactic acid, which maintains the vaginal pH at 3.8 to 4.5

A

Lactobacillus spp.

47
Q

t/f.

A

Other bac- teria commonly present include anaerobic streptococci, diph- theroids, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and a-hemolytic streptococci.

48
Q

atrial flagellated protozoan that can cause vaginal inflammation and infection in women. The organism is oval shaped, measures 5 to 18 μm in diameter, and has four anterior flagella and an undulating membrane that extends half the length of the body

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

49
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis motion

A

jerky

50
Q

cause most fungal infections

A

Candida albicans and non–Candida spp.

51
Q

yeast appear as both:

A
  • budding yeast cells (blastophores)

- hyphae

52
Q

multiple buds that do not detach and form chains, can also be seen

A

pseudohyphae

53
Q

t/f. Lactobacillus acidophilus (large gram-positive rods), G. vaginalis and Bacteroides spp. (small gram-variable or gram- negative rods), and Mobiluncus spp. (curved gram-variable rods).

A

true

54
Q

gold standard test for detecting yeast and Trichomonas

A

culture

55
Q

Special media called _ is required for T. vaginalis.

A

Diamond’s medium

56
Q

developed to specifically identify the causative pathogen for vaginitis

A

DNA hybridization probe methods

57
Q

dna testing is easy to perform and results are available in _ hour with a sensitivity of 95%

A

1

58
Q

affecting 40% to 50% of women of childbearing age.1 BV occurs when there is an imbalance in the ratio of normal vaginal bacterial flora

A

bacterial vaginosis

59
Q

Patients may present with a “straw- berry cervix” because of punctuate hemorrhages.

A

Trichomoniasis

60
Q

Trichomoniasis is classified as an STI, frequently occurs with _, and has been associated with enhanced transmission rates of _.

A

gonorrhea and Chlamydia infections; HIV

61
Q

syndrome found in postmenopausal women. This syndrome is caused by thinning of the vaginal mucosa because of reduced estrogen production and decreased glycogen production.

A

Atrophic Vaginitis

Analysis of Urine, Other Body Fluids, and Miscellaneous Specimens (8 decks)

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