Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards
5th century BCE, he wrote a book on “uroscopy”
Hippocrates
By _ ,color charts had been developed that described the significance of 20 different colors.
1140 CE
He discovered “ant testing” and “taste testing” for glucose of albuminuria by boiling urine.
Frederik Dekkers
Year of Frederik Dekker’s discovery (albuminuria by boiling urine)
1694
In what year did he wrote a book about charlatans which inspired the passing of the first medical licensure law in England?
Thomas Bryant in 1627
The invention of the microscope in the __ led to the examination of urinary sediment and to the development by __ of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment.
17th century; Thomas Addis
He introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in _.
Richard Bright in 1827
“the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.”
urinalysis
The _ continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
kidneys
Urine is normally _ water and _ solutes,
95%; 5%
a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids
Urea
Urea is product of _ and _ metabolism
protein; amino acids
Primary organic component.
Urea
Primary inorganic component.
Chloride
Product of creatine metabolism by muscles
Creatinine
Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells
Uric acid
Sodium chloride is also known as
Table salt
Primarily from salt,
Sodium
Combined with chloride and other salts
Potassium
Combines with sodium to buffer the blood
Phosphate
Phosphate is combined with sodium to buffer the _.
blood
Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
Ammonium
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
Calcium
Derived from amino acid
Sulfate
Regulates muscle
Magnesium
Product of benzoic acid in detoxification
Hippuric Acid
Hippuric acid is product of _ in detoxification
benzoic acid
Average normal daily urine output
1200 - 1500 mL
Normal daily urine output is
600 - 2000 mL
decrease in urine output
Oliguria
Oliguria may lead to
anuria
not processing urine / cessation of urine flow, may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys
anuria
An increase in the night excretion of urine
nocturia
an increase in daily urine volume
polyuria
often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
polyuria
_ is caused by a defect either in the pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin, which results in an _ body glucose concentration.
Diabetes mellitus; increased
Diabetes mellitus has _ specific gravity.
increased
Diabetes mellitus does not reabsorb excess _.
glucose
Diabetes insipidus does not reabsorb excess _.
water
Diabetes inspidus has _ specific gravity.
decreased
increased ingestion of water
polydipsia
t/f. both diabetes inspidus and mellitus has diluted urine.
true
The recommended capacity of the container is _ mL, which allows _ mL of specimen needed for microscopic analysis.
50; 12
Specially designed sterile containers are available that have a lid with a transfer device that can be assessed with a device called _
transfer straw
Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within _ hours.
2
may be collected at any time, but the actual time of voiding should be recorded on the container
random specimen
the most commonly received specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience for the patient
random specimen
the ideal screening specimen
First Morning Specimen
Samples for routine testing:
- Random
- First morning
- Midstream clean-catch
concentrated specimen, thereby assuring detection of chemicals and formed elements that may not be present in a dilute random specimen
First Morning Specimen
First Morning Specimen purposes
- routine
- pregnancy tests
- orthostatic proteinuria
Glucose Tolerance Specimens
is tested for _ and _, and the results are reported along with the blood test results
glucose; ketones
test for patient’s ability to metabolize a measured amount of glucose and are correlated with the renal threshold for glucose
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
specimen for quantitative chemical tests
24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen
solutes exhibit diurnal variations (afternoon):
catecholamines, 17-hydroxysteroids, and electrolytes
When the concentration of the substance to be measured changes with diurnal variations and with daily activities such as exercise, meals, and body metabolism, _ is required.
24-hour collection
test on a catheterized specimen
bacterial culture
catheterized specimen collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the _ into the _
urethra; bladder
provides a specimen that is less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria and, therefore, is more representative of the actual urine than the routinely voided specimen
Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen
provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination
Suprapubic Aspiration
Suprapubic Aspiration is collected by external introduction of a needle through the _ into the _.
abdomen; bladder
Urine samples for bacterial culture
- Catheterized
- Midstream clean-catch
- Suprapubic aspiration
Methods for Prostatitis Specimen
Three-Glass Collection
Pre- and Post-Massage Test
Specimen used to cytologic examination
Suprapubic Aspiration
In prostatic infection, the third specimen will have a _ / high-power field count and a bacterial count _ times that of the first specimen.
white blood cell; 10
In three-glass collection, the second specimen is used as a control for _ infection.
bladder and kidney
T/F. The second specimen is used as a control for bladder and kidney infection. If it is positive, the results from the third specimen are invalid because infected urine has contaminated the specimen.
True
The _ is the process that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results.
chain of custody (COC)
In drug testing, _ mL of urine required
30 to 45 mL
In drug testing, the temperature of urine required is:
32.5°C to 37.7°C
