Introduction to Urinalysis

Question 1

5th century BCE, he wrote a book on “uroscopy”

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

By _ ,color charts had been developed that described the significance of 20 different colors.

Answer 2

1140 CE

Question 3

He discovered “ant testing” and “taste testing” for glucose of albuminuria by boiling urine.

Answer 3

Frederik Dekkers

Question 4

Year of Frederik Dekker’s discovery (albuminuria by boiling urine)

Answer 4

1694

Question 5

In what year did he wrote a book about charlatans which inspired the passing of the first medical licensure law in England?

Answer 5

Thomas Bryant in 1627

Question 6

The invention of the microscope in the __ led to the examination of urinary sediment and to the development by __ of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment.

Answer 6

17th century; Thomas Addis

Question 7

He introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in _.

Answer 7

Richard Bright in 1827

Question 8

“the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.”

Answer 8

urinalysis

Question 9

The _ continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma.

Answer 9

kidneys

Question 10

Urine is normally _ water and _ solutes,

Answer 10

95%; 5%

Question 11

a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids

Answer 11

Urea

Question 12

Urea is product of _ and _ metabolism

Answer 12

protein; amino acids

Question 13

Primary organic component.

Answer 13

Urea

Question 14

Primary inorganic component.

Answer 14

Chloride

Question 15

Product of creatine metabolism by muscles

Answer 15

Creatinine

Question 16

Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells

Answer 16

Uric acid

Question 17

Sodium chloride is also known as

Answer 17

Table salt

Question 18

Primarily from salt,

Answer 18

Sodium

Question 19

Combined with chloride and other salts

Answer 19

Potassium

Question 20

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

Answer 20

Phosphate

Question 21

Phosphate is combined with sodium to buffer the _.

Answer 21

blood

Question 22

Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

Answer 22

Ammonium

Question 23

Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

Derived from amino acid

Answer 24

Sulfate

Question 25

Regulates muscle

Answer 25

Magnesium

Question 26

Product of benzoic acid in detoxification

Answer 26

Hippuric Acid

Question 27

Hippuric acid is product of _ in detoxification

Answer 27

benzoic acid

Question 28

Average normal daily urine output

Answer 28

1200 - 1500 mL

Question 29

Normal daily urine output is

Answer 29

600 - 2000 mL

Question 30

decrease in urine output

Answer 30

Oliguria

Question 31

Oliguria may lead to

Answer 31

anuria

Question 32

not processing urine / cessation of urine flow, may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys

Answer 32

anuria

Question 33

An increase in the night excretion of urine

Answer 33

nocturia

Question 34

an increase in daily urine volume

Answer 34

polyuria

Question 35

often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

Answer 35

polyuria

Question 36

_ is caused by a defect either in the pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin, which results in an _ body glucose concentration.

Answer 36

Diabetes mellitus; increased

Question 37

Diabetes mellitus has _ specific gravity.

Answer 37

increased

Question 38

Diabetes mellitus does not reabsorb excess _.

Answer 38

glucose

Question 39

Diabetes insipidus does not reabsorb excess _.

Answer 39

water

Question 40

Diabetes inspidus has _ specific gravity.

Answer 40

decreased

Question 41

increased ingestion of water

Answer 41

polydipsia

Question 42

t/f. both diabetes inspidus and mellitus has diluted urine.

Answer 42

true

Question 43

The recommended capacity of the container is _ mL, which allows _ mL of specimen needed for microscopic analysis.

Answer 43

50; 12

Question 44

Specially designed sterile containers are available that have a lid with a transfer device that can be assessed with a device called _

Answer 44

transfer straw

Question 45

Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within _ hours.

Answer 45

2

Question 46

may be collected at any time, but the actual time of voiding should be recorded on the container

Answer 46

random specimen

Question 47

the most commonly received specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience for the patient

Answer 47

random specimen

Question 48

the ideal screening specimen

Answer 48

First Morning Specimen

Question 49

Samples for routine testing:

Answer 49

- Random - First morning - Midstream clean-catch

Question 50

concentrated specimen, thereby assuring detection of chemicals and formed elements that may not be present in a dilute random specimen

Answer 50

First Morning Specimen

Question 51

First Morning Specimen purposes

Answer 51

- routine - pregnancy tests - orthostatic proteinuria

Question 52

Glucose Tolerance Specimens | is tested for _ and _, and the results are reported along with the blood test results

Answer 52

glucose; ketones

Question 53

test for patient’s ability to metabolize a measured amount of glucose and are correlated with the renal threshold for glucose

Answer 53

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Question 54

specimen for quantitative chemical tests

Answer 54

24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen

Question 55

solutes exhibit diurnal variations (afternoon):

Answer 55

catecholamines, 17-hydroxysteroids, and electrolytes

Question 56

When the concentration of the substance to be measured changes with diurnal variations and with daily activities such as exercise, meals, and body metabolism, _ is required.

Answer 56

24-hour collection

Question 57

test on a catheterized specimen

Answer 57

bacterial culture

Question 58

catheterized specimen collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the _ into the _

Answer 58

urethra; bladder

Question 59

provides a specimen that is less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria and, therefore, is more representative of the actual urine than the routinely voided specimen

Answer 59

Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen

Question 60

provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination

Answer 60

Suprapubic Aspiration

Question 61

Suprapubic Aspiration is collected by external introduction of a needle through the _ into the _.

Answer 61

abdomen; bladder

Question 62

Urine samples for bacterial culture

Answer 62

- Catheterized - Midstream clean-catch - Suprapubic aspiration

Question 63

Methods for Prostatitis Specimen

Answer 63

Three-Glass Collection Pre- and Post-Massage Test

Question 64

Specimen used to cytologic examination

Answer 64

Suprapubic Aspiration

Question 65

In prostatic infection, the third specimen will have a _ / high-power field count and a bacterial count _ times that of the first specimen.

Answer 65

white blood cell; 10

Question 66

In three-glass collection, the second specimen is used as a control for _ infection.

Answer 66

bladder and kidney

Question 67

T/F. The second specimen is used as a control for bladder and kidney infection. If it is positive, the results from the third specimen are invalid because infected urine has contaminated the specimen.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

The _ is the process that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results.

Answer 68

chain of custody (COC)

Question 69

In drug testing, _ mL of urine required

Answer 69

30 to 45 mL

Question 70

In drug testing, the temperature of urine required is:

Answer 70

32.5°C to 37.7°C