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Analysis of Urine, Other Body Fluids, and Miscellaneous Specimens > Semen > Flashcards

Semen Flashcards

1
Q

Patients with abnormal results on the routine semen analysis performed in the clinical laboratory often are referred to specialized an- drology laboratories for further testing to determine the need for _

A

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

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2
Q

Semen is composed of four fractions that are contributed by the testes:

A

epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

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3
Q

for the secretion of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

semen composition

spermatozoa

A

5%

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5
Q

semen composition

seminal fluid

A

60-70%

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6
Q

semen composition

prostate fluid

A

20-30% (acidic)

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7
Q

semen composition

Bulbourethral glands

A

5% (alkaline)

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8
Q

provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis (spermatogenesis)

A

Specialized Sertoli cells

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9
Q

where does the sperm mature and develop flagella; where it remained stored until ejaculation

A

epididymis

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10
Q

the maturation of sperm process takes approximately _ days

A

90

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11
Q

The ejaculatory ducts receive both the sperm from the _ and fluid from the _

A

ductus deferens; seminal vesicles

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12
Q

transport medium for the sperm

A

seminal fluid

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13
Q

metabolized energy from _ needed for the flagella to propel them through the female reproductive tract

A

fructose

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14
Q

responsible for the gray appear- ance of semen

A

flavin

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15
Q

responsible for both the coagulation and liquefaction of the semen following ejaculation

A

proteolytic enzymes

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16
Q

aids in propelling the sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation

A

prostate gland

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17
Q

bulbourethral glands produce 5% fluid volume to produce _ mucus that helps to neutralize acidity from the prostate secretions and the vagina

A

alkaline

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18
Q

Most of the sperm are contained in the _ of the ejaculate,

A

first portion

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19
Q

When a part of the first portion of the ejaculate is missing,

the sperm count will be _, the pH falsely _, and the specimen will not liquefy.

A

decreased

increased

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20
Q

When part of the last portion of ejaculate is missing, the semen volume is _, the sperm count is falsely _, the pH is falsely _, and the specimen will not clot.

A

decreased

increased

decreased

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21
Q

Specimens are collected following a period of sexual ab- stinence of at least

A

2 days to not more than 7 days

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22
Q

the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that _ samples be collected not _, with two abnormal samples considered significant.

A

2-3 samples; not less than 7 days or more than 3 weeks apart

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23
Q

specimen temperature and transportation after collection

A

RT; within 1 hour

24
Q

Parameters reported include appearance, volume, viscosity, pH, _, _, and _.

A

sperm concentration and count, motility, and morphology

25
Q

immature sperm is called

A

spermatids

26
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubules of testes

27
Q

Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts

A

Ductus deferens

28
Q

Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid

A

Seminal vesicles

29
Q

Provide enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction

A

Prostate gland

30
Q

A fresh semen specimen is clotted and should liquefy within _ minutes after collection;

A

30-60

31
Q

Normal semen volume range:

A

2-5 mL

32
Q

If after 2 hours the specimen has not liquified, an equal volume of physiologic _ may be added to induce liquefaction and allow the rest of the analysis to be per- formed.

A

Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline or proteolytic enzymes such as alpha- chymotrypsin or bromelain

33
Q

Normal viscosity

A

pours in droplets

34
Q

normal pH of semen is alkaline with a range of

A

7.2 to 8.0

35
Q

sperm concentration and sperm count

The traditional diluting fluid contains _, which immobilize and preserve the cells; however, good results can also be achieved using _

A

sodium bicarbonate and formalin

saline and distilled water

36
Q

RV Sperm concentration

A

> 20 million/mL

37
Q

RV sperm count

A

> 40million/ejaculate

38
Q

Immature sperm and WBCs, often referred to as _ cells, must not be included in counting.

A

“round”

39
Q

RV Motility

A

> 50% within 1 h

40
Q

Rapid, straight-line motility

A

4.0 a

41
Q

Slower speed, some lateral movement

A

3.0 b

42
Q

Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement

A

2.0 b

43
Q

No forward progression

A

1.0 c

44
Q

Sperm moving linearly or in a large circle

A

Progressive motility (PM)

45
Q

Sperm moving with an absence of progression

A

Nonprogressive motility (NP)

46
Q

No movement

A

0 d

Immotility (IM)

47
Q

RV Morphology

A

> 14% normal forms (strict criteria) >30% normal forms (routine criteria)

48
Q

The normal sperm has an _-shaped head approximately _ μm long and _ μm wide and a long, flagellar tail approximately _ μm long

A

oval; 5; 4; 45

49
Q

Critical to ovum penetration is the enzyme-containing

A

acrosomal cap

50
Q

midpiece is approximately _ μm long

A

7.0

51
Q

Vitality is evaluated by mixing the specimen with an _ stain

A

eosin-nigrosin

52
Q

Normal vitality requires _ or more living cells

A

50%

53
Q

Specimens can be screened for the presence of fructose using the _ that produces an orange color when fructose is present

A

resorcinol test

54
Q

Sperm are incubated with species- nonspecific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically

A

Hamster egg penetration

55
Q

Observation of sperm’s ability to penetrate partner’s midcycle cervical mucus

A

Cervical mucus penetration

56
Q

Sperm exposed to low-sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability

A

Hypo-osmotic swelling

57
Q

Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration

A

In vitro acrosome reaction

Analysis of Urine, Other Body Fluids, and Miscellaneous Specimens (8 decks)

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