Semen

Question 1

Patients with abnormal results on the routine semen analysis performed in the clinical laboratory often are referred to specialized an- drology laboratories for further testing to determine the need for _

Answer 1

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Question 2

Semen is composed of four fractions that are contributed by the testes:

Answer 2

epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Question 3

for the secretion of sperm

Answer 3

seminiferous tubules

Question 4

semen composition

spermatozoa

Answer 4

5%

Question 5

semen composition

seminal fluid

Answer 5

60-70%

Question 6

semen composition

prostate fluid

Answer 6

20-30% (acidic)

Question 7

semen composition

Bulbourethral glands

Answer 7

5% (alkaline)

Question 8

provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis (spermatogenesis)

Answer 8

Specialized Sertoli cells

Question 9

where does the sperm mature and develop flagella; where it remained stored until ejaculation

Answer 9

epididymis

Question 10

the maturation of sperm process takes approximately _ days

Answer 10

90

Question 11

The ejaculatory ducts receive both the sperm from the _ and fluid from the _

Answer 11

ductus deferens; seminal vesicles

Question 12

transport medium for the sperm

Answer 12

seminal fluid

Question 13

metabolized energy from _ needed for the flagella to propel them through the female reproductive tract

Answer 13

fructose

Question 14

responsible for the gray appear- ance of semen

Answer 14

flavin

Question 15

responsible for both the coagulation and liquefaction of the semen following ejaculation

Answer 15

proteolytic enzymes

Question 16

aids in propelling the sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation

Answer 16

prostate gland

Question 17

bulbourethral glands produce 5% fluid volume to produce _ mucus that helps to neutralize acidity from the prostate secretions and the vagina

Answer 17

alkaline

Question 18

Most of the sperm are contained in the _ of the ejaculate,

Answer 18

first portion

Question 19

When a part of the first portion of the ejaculate is missing,

the sperm count will be _, the pH falsely _, and the specimen will not liquefy.

Answer 19

decreased

increased

Question 20

When part of the last portion of ejaculate is missing, the semen volume is _, the sperm count is falsely _, the pH is falsely _, and the specimen will not clot.

Answer 20

decreased

increased

decreased

Question 21

Specimens are collected following a period of sexual ab- stinence of at least

Answer 21

2 days to not more than 7 days

Question 22

the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that _ samples be collected not _, with two abnormal samples considered significant.

Answer 22

2-3 samples; not less than 7 days or more than 3 weeks apart

Question 23

specimen temperature and transportation after collection

Answer 23

RT; within 1 hour

Question 24

Parameters reported include appearance, volume, viscosity, pH, _, _, and _.

Answer 24

sperm concentration and count, motility, and morphology

Question 25

immature sperm is called

Answer 25

spermatids

Question 26

Spermatogenesis

Answer 26

Seminiferous tubules of testes

Question 27

Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts

Answer 27

Ductus deferens

Question 28

Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid

Answer 28

Seminal vesicles

Question 29

Provide enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction

Answer 29

Prostate gland

Question 30

A fresh semen specimen is clotted and should liquefy within _ minutes after collection;

Answer 30

30-60

Question 31

Normal semen volume range:

Answer 31

2-5 mL

Question 32

If after 2 hours the specimen has not liquified, an equal volume of physiologic _ may be added to induce liquefaction and allow the rest of the analysis to be per- formed.

Answer 32

Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline or proteolytic enzymes such as alpha- chymotrypsin or bromelain

Question 33

Normal viscosity

Answer 33

pours in droplets

Question 34

normal pH of semen is alkaline with a range of

Answer 34

7.2 to 8.0

Question 35

sperm concentration and sperm count The traditional diluting fluid contains _, which immobilize and preserve the cells; however, good results can also be achieved using _

Answer 35

sodium bicarbonate and formalin saline and distilled water

Question 36

RV Sperm concentration

Answer 36

>20 million/mL

Question 37

RV sperm count

Answer 37

>40million/ejaculate

Question 38

Immature sperm and WBCs, often referred to as _ cells, must not be included in counting.

Answer 38

“round”

Question 39

RV Motility

Answer 39

>50% within 1 h

Question 40

Rapid, straight-line motility

Answer 40

4.0 a

Question 41

Slower speed, some lateral movement

Answer 41

3.0 b

Question 42

Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement

Answer 42

2.0 b

Question 43

No forward progression

Answer 43

1.0 c

Question 44

Sperm moving linearly or in a large circle

Answer 44

Progressive motility (PM)

Question 45

Sperm moving with an absence of progression

Answer 45

Nonprogressive motility (NP)

Question 46

No movement

Answer 46

0 d Immotility (IM)

Question 47

RV Morphology

Answer 47

>14% normal forms (strict criteria) >30% normal forms (routine criteria)

Question 48

The normal sperm has an _-shaped head approximately _ μm long and _ μm wide and a long, flagellar tail approximately _ μm long

Answer 48

oval; 5; 4; 45

Question 49

Critical to ovum penetration is the enzyme-containing

Answer 49

acrosomal cap

Question 50

midpiece is approximately _ μm long

Answer 50

7.0

Question 51

Vitality is evaluated by mixing the specimen with an _ stain

Answer 51

eosin-nigrosin

Question 52

Normal vitality requires _ or more living cells

Answer 52

50%

Question 53

Specimens can be screened for the presence of fructose using the _ that produces an orange color when fructose is present

Answer 53

resorcinol test

Question 54

Sperm are incubated with species- nonspecific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically

Answer 54

Hamster egg penetration

Question 55

Observation of sperm’s ability to penetrate partner’s midcycle cervical mucus

Answer 55

Cervical mucus penetration

Question 56

Sperm exposed to low-sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability

Answer 56

Hypo-osmotic swelling

Question 57

Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration

Answer 57

In vitro acrosome reaction