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Immunology > Vaccinology and Comparative Immunology > Flashcards

Vaccinology and Comparative Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the AVMA’s principle for vaccination?

A

vaccination is a medical procedure and the products used vary in efficacy and safety and are not necessarily indicated for all patients and does not protect every individual even when they are properly vaccinated

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2
Q

What three government agencies are involved in regulating veterinary products?

A

Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Department of Agriculture

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3
Q

What veterinary products does the Food and Drug Administration regulate?

A

drugs, medicated feeds, and animal devices

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4
Q

What veterinary products does the Environmental Protection Agency regulate?

A

topical insecticides

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5
Q

What veterinary products does the United States Department of Agriculture regulate?

A

veterinary biologics - vaccines, bacterins, antisera, diagnostic kits, and other products of biological origin

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6
Q

What must all USDA liscences be?

A

pure, safe, potent, and efficacious

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7
Q

What are all USDA liscences not?

A

worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful

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8
Q

What are the criteria for autogenous vaccines?

A

some safety and sterility testing is required, no potency or efficacy testing is required

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9
Q

What are the criteria for conditional vaccines?

A

they assure purity and safety, and have a reasonable expectation of efficacy

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10
Q

What are the criteria for intentional introduction of disease?

A

there is no purity, safety, potency, and efficacy data generated for the USDA

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11
Q

What type of information is provided ona vaccine label?

A

prevent infection, prevention of disease, aid in disease prevention, aid in disease control

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12
Q

What is the difference between the label of ‘prevent infection’ and ‘aid in disease control’?

A

prevent infection’ indicates the highest efficacy and ‘aid in disease control’ indicates the lowest efficacy

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13
Q

What are two advantages to using modified live vaccines?

A

they provide more rapid protection and longer lasting immunity

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14
Q

What are two disadvantages to using modified live vaccines?

A

they can lose their potency or they have the potential to revert to virulence

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15
Q

What are two advantages to using inactivated vaccines?

A

they are generally safer than modified live vaccines and there is no rist to reversion to virulence

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16
Q

What are two disadvantages to using inactivated vaccines?

A

there is an increased risk of a hypersensitivity reactino , and two doses are usually required initially for immunity

17
Q

What are two advantages to using autogeneous vaccines?

A

they are specific to the farm/population they are used on and they ccan be used when no commercially licensed product is available

18
Q

What are two disadvantages to using autogenous vaccines?

A

there is no potency or efficacy testing required and their safety is not guranteed

19
Q

What various factors can be a reasons that vaccines fail to protect?

A

Perceived that it hasn’t worked when it actually has, due to problems with the vaccine or administration, due to factors associated with the host, overwhelming challenge dose, or inadequate duration of immunity

20
Q

What is an example of an adverse event to vaccination?

A

fever, lethargy, and loss of apetite 24 hours after vaccination due to pro-inflammatory cytokines

21
Q

Based on the Moore studies, what factors are associated with increased adverse vaccine events in dogs?

A

they occur most often when the number of vaccines given at the same time increase and when the dog weighs less (small dogs)

22
Q

What are the general complexities associated with determining the duration of immunity for a vaccine?

A

you have to figure out what the titer means and how to use it, how long the animal is protected, exposure to pathogens in nature may boost the immunity, each animal has a different response to the given vaccine

23
Q

How is duration of immunity for vaccines determined in humans?

A

epidemiology clinics - sentinel groups are monitered for titer, surveillance studies are done and adjustments are made based on disease incidence in vaccinated individuals, and mathematical modeling

24
Q

What are some factors tat can impact duration of immunity in an individual animal?

A

the type of vaccine, dose of vaccine, storage of vaccine, animals health, and virulence of the strain

25
Q

What mechanisms of maternal antibody interfere with vaccination?

A

opsinization of the antigen by maternal antibody, negative feedback by IgG that turns off B cellsand inhibittheir response

26
Q

What influences the response to vaccination in the presence of maternal antibody?

A

maternal antibody titer, immune mechanisms responsible for protection, characteristics of the pathogen, characteristics of the vaccine, immune competence of the neonate

27
Q

Draw and label a graph that explains the reason for using a series of vaccinations in puppies and kittens.

A

It should look like this

28
Q

Illustrate and explain with a labeled drawing how it is often the additive effect of immunosuppressive factors that result in clinical disease and not one factor alone. Include at least two factors that decrease resistance to disease and one factor that will boost or increase resistance.

A

It should look like this

29
Q

What are the most conserved immune protective mechanisms present in insects up through mammals?

A

pattern recognition receptors and antibacterial peptides

30
Q

How do birds transfer immunity to their young?

A

IgG (IgY) is passed through the yolk and IgA is secreted into the albumin

31
Q

What is immersion vaccination in fish?

A

vaccination is accomplished by placing fish in water with solubilized or suspended vaccine antigen

32
Q

What influences the efficacy of immersion vaccination in fish?

A

antigen concentration, length of immersion time, water temperature, pH, and salt concentration, size of fish, stress, anesthetics, adjuvants, and physical state of antigen

33
Q

What is one of the major challenges of vaccinating crustaceans?

A

they do not have adaptive immunity

34
Q

What defense mechanism is important to protect against bacterial septicemia?

A

opsonizing antibody

35
Q

What should a vaccine include if it is trying to protect against a exotoxin?

A

neutralizing antibody (IgG)

36
Q

What should a vaccine include if it is trying to protect against an intracellular viral infection?

A

cytotoxic T cells

37
Q

To get an IgA response, what type of vaccine would you want to use and how would you give it?

A

killed vaccine subcutaneously

Immunology (22 decks)

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