Vaccines - Johns Flashcards
Characteristics of Immunizations
Highly effective
Cost-effective
Universally recommended
Measurable
Live Attenuated Vaccine
Live microbes are weakened by growing them for many generations in animals or tissue cultures
Ex: oral polio, MMR, zoster
Inactivated Vaccine
Whole organisms that have been killed that stimulate the immune system, but do not cause disease
Ex: polio, influenza, Hepatitis A
Inactivated Toxins
Some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins
Ex: tetanus, diphtheria
Subunit Vaccines
Use only a part of the bacterium or virus
Ex: typhoid, Hepatitis B, pertussis, meningitis
Conjugate Vaccines
Link proteins from a second organism to the outer coat of the bacteria. Allows a baby’s immune system to recognize the bacteria
Ex: haemophilus influenzae B, pneumococcus
Edible Vaccines
Genetically engineered potatoes, bananas, and tomatoes that will initiate an immune response against harmful intestinal bacteria and viruses
Ex: rabies, E. coli enterotoxin
Plantibodies
specific antibodies made in plants
Ex: strep mutans
Influenze recommendation for Peds
Recommended for all children to age 18
HPV recommendation
Routine vaccine for all 11-12 year olds
Meningococcal Vaccine (MCV)
Routine vaccine for all 11-12 year olds
College freshman living in dorms, splenectomy, immunosuppression
Seen in jails and in Army recruits (Close Quarters)
Boostrix
Pertussis booster for 10-64 year olds
What are the valid reasons not to vaccinate?
Anaphylactic Reaction Prior high fever Immunodeficiency (no live-attenuated vaccines) Pregnancy (no live-attenuated vaccines) Significant accute illness
Influenza Vaccine
Recudes URI episodes, sick leave, fewer physician visits, risk of death
Contraindications: anaphylaxis to eggs, allergy to Thimerosol, History of Guillain-Barre Syndrome, acute febrile condition
Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine
Prevention of lobar bacterial pneumonia with consolidation - Revaccinate after 5 years if initial vaccination before 65
Hepatitis A (Inactivated)
Spread by fecal to oral (outbreaks at daycares and food related)
94% efficacy
Indications: Travelers, IV drug users, Chronic Liver Disease, Military, Health Care workers
Hepatitis B
Can be spread by serum and most body fluids (not stool)
Causes hepatobiliary cancer
Indications: “At-Risk adults”, travel, health care workers
95% efficacy after 3 doses
Tdap (Tetanus, Diptheria, Acellular Pertussis)
Immunity wanes 5-10 years after vaccination
11-65 year olds
Health care workers
Varicella Zoster Vaccine (Live-Attenuated)
Shingles Vaccine
Adults 60+ receive 1 dose
Not covered by Medicare
HPV (Human Pappilomavirus Vaccine)
Cervical HPV infections with 50% risk within 5-7 years of first sexual contact and >80% lifetime risk
Indications: 11-12 year olds, up to age 26
How effective is the HPV vaccine?
100% effective in preventing HPV genital lesions and CIN
HIV Vaccine
Inactivated monkey viruses can cause AIDS antibodies
HIV hyper-variability
Recombinant Vaccines
Alter an organism’s genetic structure by removing a key gene or by modifying the DNA
Malaria Vaccine
Phase I/II trials underway using recombinant technology
Tuberculosis
1 infectious disease caused deaths
Tuberculosis Vaccine
BCG vaccine - used for years with variable efficacy
Treating Cancer with Vaccines
Isolate proteins from the surface of melanoma cells and using the antigens to provoke the immune system into producing killer T-cells against the cancer
Alzheimer’s Disease Vaccine
Immunization with amyloid B prevented the formation of plaques and resultant cellular damage
