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IHO Week 2 > Adaptive Immune System - Diebel > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System - Diebel Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B-cells that protect extracellular spaces release antibodies into bodily fluids.

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2
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

T-cells that survey surfaces of cells, looking for mutated cells or parasites.

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3
Q

What types of cells come from Lymphoid Progenitor cells?

A

NK Cells
Dendritic Cells
B-Cell Progenitor
T-Cell Progenitor

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4
Q

B-Cell Progenitors can produce…

A

Mature B-Cells –> Plasma Cells and Memory B-Cells

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5
Q

T-Cell Progenitors can produce…

A

CD8+ T-Cells and CD4+ T-Cells

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6
Q

What are the two kinds of cells in adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells that phagocytose PAMPs and DAMPs to present them to lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that recognize antigens

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7
Q

When a epitope binds to a lymphocyte’s receptor, like a lock-and-key, then the lymphocyte produces _________ to recruit macrophages and neutrophils.

A

IFN-gamma

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8
Q

The adaptive immune response must be ________. Only a few T and B lymphocytes will recognize any given antigenic sequence.

A

Induced

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9
Q

MHC Class I

A

Antigens synthesized within cells that are recognized by CD8+ killer T-cells and expressed on all cells except RBCs.

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10
Q

MHC Class II

A

Antigens produced via phagocytosis that are recognized by CD4+ helper T-cells and expressed on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and epithelium of thymus.

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11
Q

MHC Molecules are also known as…

A

HLA - Human Leukocyte Antigens

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12
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A 
Waldeyer's Ring (Tonsils and Adenoids)
Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Lymphoid Nodules
Peyer's Patch
Urogenital Lymphoid Tissue
Spleen
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14
Q

Define Lymphokines

A

Locally released, short-range mediators that are released by activated T-Cells to attract monocytes and macrophages

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15
Q

M1 “Angry” Macrophages release?

A

IFN-gamma

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16
Q

What do all T-Cells express?

A

CD3/TCRs

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17
Q

What are the two types of T-Cell Receptors?

A

Alpha-Beta with CD3

Gamma-Delta with CD3

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18
Q

In what way are Alpha-Beta T-cells able to function?

A

Binding to MHC I or MHC II molecules

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19
Q

What do Gamma-Delta T-cells protect?

A

mucosal surfaces

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20
Q

What makes Gamma-Delta T-cells special?

A

Do not require MHC complex

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21
Q

What are circulating gamma-delta T-cells classified as?

A

Double Negative T-Cells (CD4- and CD8-)

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22
Q

Type 1 Helper T-Cells (Th1)

A

Recognize antigen and make lymphokine to attract M1 macrophages to attack a serious infection.

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23
Q

Th17 Helper T-Cells

A

Focused on inflammation; more powerful than Th1; cause severe autoimmunity through IL-17

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24
Q

Type 2 Helper T-Cells (Th2)

A

“Alternatively Activates” M2 ‘Healing’ macrophages to wall-off parasites/pathogens and promote healing after a pathogen-killing Th1 response.

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25
Q

Follicular Helper T-Cells (Tfh)

A

Stimulated by antigen to migrate from T-Cell areas of lymph nodes into the B-Cell follicles, where B-Cells can get activated

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26
Q

Regulatory T-Cells (Treg)

A

Makes cytokines that suppress activation and funtion of Th1, Th17 and Th2; the check-and-balance of the immune system.

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27
Q

What is the main cytokine that Treg cells make?

A

IL-10

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28
Q

Describe IPEX

A

Regulatory T-Cells are not working properly to turn off the immune response

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29
Q

Cytotoxic/Killer T-Cells (CTL)

A

Destroy any body cell that bears a foreign or abnormal antigen on its surface and recognizes antigen complexed with MHC I

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30
Q

Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg have a molecular marker, which one?

A

CD4

31
Q

APCs release what cytokines?

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1

32
Q

Describe the activation of T-Cells (remember it is a two hit system: needs two interactions in order to activate)

A

T-cell Receptor recognizes HLA (MHC) bound antigen, with CD4/8
B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) on APC binds to T-Cell CD28

33
Q

CD2 binds to what?

A

LFA-3 (CD58)

34
Q

ICAM binds to what?

A

LFA-1

35
Q

TCR binds to what?

A

MHCI or MHCII

36
Q

B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) binds to what?

A

CD28

37
Q

CD4 binds to what?

A

MHCII

38
Q

CD8 binds to what?

A

MHCI

39
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

Too much IgE production in response to environmental antigen leading to mast cell and basophil release of histamine, causing synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotreines, such as hay fever and asthma.

40
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

Autoimmunity due to antibodies that react against self, such as hemolytic disease of maternal antibodies reacting to fetal RBCs, Myasthenia Gravis (AChR antibodies), and Good Pasture’s Syndrome (Basement membrane antibodies causing nephritis).

41
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Immune complexes of antigen and antibody that get stuck in small vessels, such as the kidneys, joints, pleura and skin. Complement is activated to respond to the antigen-antibody complex and healthy tissues are destroyed in the process, which happens in Lupus (making antibody to own DNA) and RA (making antibody to antibody).

42
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity caused by activated CD4+ T-Cells (autoimune or innocent bystander injury); Contact hypersensitivity, TB reactions, Granulomatous hypersensitivity

43
Q

X-linked Agammaglobulinemia

A

Absence of B-lymphocytes

44
Q

CD40 Ligand Deficiency

A

Failure of Ig class switching in B-cells

45
Q

Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Deficiency

A

Failure of Ig class switching in B-cells

46
Q

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

A

Failure to produce antibodies to particular antigens

47
Q

Omenn Syndrome

A

VDJ recombination Failure - cannot produce TCRs or BCRs

48
Q

X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

A

Failure to produce mature T-lymphocytes

49
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Failure of the Thymus to develop correctly

50
Q

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

A

Failure of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells to produce or release lytic granules

51
Q

IPEX

A

Failure of peripheral tolerance due to defective regulatory T-cells (Can’t turn off the immune response)

52
Q

What types of cells have no Output Signals?

A

Eosinophils and Basophils

53
Q

What is the Neutrophil Output Signal and to what cell types?

A

TNF-alpha to T-cells and Macrophages

54
Q

Name the two general activators of T-Cells.

A

IL-2 and IL-15

55
Q

What cytokines differentiate T helper cells to Th1 helper cells?

A

IL-12 and IFN-gamma

56
Q

What cytokine differentiate T helper cells to T2 helper cells?

A

IL-4

57
Q

What cytokines down-regulate Th1 helper cells?

A

IL-10 and TGF-Beta

58
Q

What cytokine down-regulates T2 helper cells?

A

TGF-Beta

59
Q

What type of cell and receptor presents antigen to CD4+ Helper T-Cells in the lymph node or spleen?

A

Dendritic Cells on MHC II

60
Q

What cell types express MHC I?

A

All cells of the body except RBCs

61
Q

Why would it be better for the immune system to kill an infected cell than to let the virus kill it?

A

An infected viral cell has the potential to produce 100-1000s of viral particles during the cell death process. By making the cell commit apoptosis, then the virus can’t replicate.

62
Q

How is killing facilitated by CD8+ cytotoxic T-Cells?

A

FAS presented on a target cell binds to FAS ligand on the T-cell to induce caspase activation and apoptosis

63
Q

What cytokines can be released by CD8+ T-Cells?

A

TNF, Perforin, and Granzymes

64
Q

Describe Positive Selection of T-Cells in the Thymus.

A

T-cells must recognize MHC Class I or MHC Class II molecules (Self-Restriction)
CD4 T-Cell recognizes MHC II
CD8 T-Cell recognizes MHC I

65
Q

Describe Negative Selection of T-Cells in the Thymus.

A

T-cells that recognize self-antigens bound to MHC II are killed (T-cells need to be tolerant to self-antigens)

66
Q

What lymphocyte markers do T-Cells express?

A

All express CD3 (part of TCR)
Some express CD4
Some express CD8

67
Q

What lymphocyte markers do B -Cells express?

A

CD40 (BCR), CD79a and CD79b

No need for MHC recognition!

68
Q

IgG

A

Two adjacent IgG molecules form a hexamer of IgG to activate complement
Passes through placenta
Replaces IgM after a week or two.

69
Q

IgM

A

Polymeric immunoglobulin even better at activating complement than IgG and first antibody type to appear after new pathogen exposure.
IgM secreted from a B-cell is in a pentamer form.

70
Q

IgD

A

Main antibody inserted in B-cell membranes as an antigen receptor

71
Q

IgA

A

Antibody in the secretions associated with Secretory Component (allows IgA to cross through the epithelial cells into the mucosal layer)
Secretory component makes IgA resistant to digestive enzymes, as it is the first line of defense in mucous membranes.

72
Q

IgE

A

Attach to mast cells and when bound to antigen, will cause the mast cell to produce prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines and release granules of histamine.
Provides resistance to hemalinths

73
Q

Describe the pathway of immunity to disease.

A
  1. When an antigen penetrates the mucous membranes, it can encounter T and B cells that produce IgA and sometimes IgE.
  2. IgA is secreted to establish local immunity.
  3. If the antigen reaches local lymph nodes or spleen, IgM will be produced first, followed by IgG.

IHO Week 2 (13 decks)

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