Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IHO Week 2 > Adaptive Immune System - Diebel > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System - Diebel Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B-cells that protect extracellular spaces release antibodies into bodily fluids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

T-cells that survey surfaces of cells, looking for mutated cells or parasites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What types of cells come from Lymphoid Progenitor cells?

A

NK Cells
Dendritic Cells
B-Cell Progenitor
T-Cell Progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

B-Cell Progenitors can produce…

A

Mature B-Cells –> Plasma Cells and Memory B-Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T-Cell Progenitors can produce…

A

CD8+ T-Cells and CD4+ T-Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two kinds of cells in adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells that phagocytose PAMPs and DAMPs to present them to lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that recognize antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When a epitope binds to a lymphocyte’s receptor, like a lock-and-key, then the lymphocyte produces _________ to recruit macrophages and neutrophils.

A

IFN-gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The adaptive immune response must be ________. Only a few T and B lymphocytes will recognize any given antigenic sequence.

A

Induced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MHC Class I

A

Antigens synthesized within cells that are recognized by CD8+ killer T-cells and expressed on all cells except RBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MHC Class II

A

Antigens produced via phagocytosis that are recognized by CD4+ helper T-cells and expressed on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and epithelium of thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MHC Molecules are also known as…

A

HLA - Human Leukocyte Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A 
Waldeyer's Ring (Tonsils and Adenoids)
Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Lymphoid Nodules
Peyer's Patch
Urogenital Lymphoid Tissue
Spleen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Lymphokines

A

Locally released, short-range mediators that are released by activated T-Cells to attract monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

M1 “Angry” Macrophages release?

A

IFN-gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do all T-Cells express?

A

CD3/TCRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of T-Cell Receptors?

A

Alpha-Beta with CD3

Gamma-Delta with CD3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what way are Alpha-Beta T-cells able to function?

A

Binding to MHC I or MHC II molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do Gamma-Delta T-cells protect?

A

mucosal surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What makes Gamma-Delta T-cells special?

A

Do not require MHC complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are circulating gamma-delta T-cells classified as?

A

Double Negative T-Cells (CD4- and CD8-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type 1 Helper T-Cells (Th1)

A

Recognize antigen and make lymphokine to attract M1 macrophages to attack a serious infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Th17 Helper T-Cells

A

Focused on inflammation; more powerful than Th1; cause severe autoimmunity through IL-17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Type 2 Helper T-Cells (Th2)

A

“Alternatively Activates” M2 ‘Healing’ macrophages to wall-off parasites/pathogens and promote healing after a pathogen-killing Th1 response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Follicular Helper T-Cells (Tfh)
Stimulated by antigen to migrate from T-Cell areas of lymph nodes into the B-Cell follicles, where B-Cells can get activated
26
Regulatory T-Cells (Treg)
Makes cytokines that suppress activation and funtion of Th1, Th17 and Th2; the check-and-balance of the immune system.
27
What is the main cytokine that Treg cells make?
IL-10
28
Describe IPEX
Regulatory T-Cells are not working properly to turn off the immune response
29
Cytotoxic/Killer T-Cells (CTL)
Destroy any body cell that bears a foreign or abnormal antigen on its surface and recognizes antigen complexed with MHC I
30
Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg have a molecular marker, which one?
CD4
31
APCs release what cytokines?
TNF-alpha and IL-1
32
Describe the activation of T-Cells (remember it is a two hit system: needs two interactions in order to activate)
T-cell Receptor recognizes HLA (MHC) bound antigen, with CD4/8 B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) on APC binds to T-Cell CD28
33
CD2 binds to what?
LFA-3 (CD58)
34
ICAM binds to what?
LFA-1
35
TCR binds to what?
MHCI or MHCII
36
B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86) binds to what?
CD28
37
CD4 binds to what?
MHCII
38
CD8 binds to what?
MHCI
39
Type I Hypersensitivity
Too much IgE production in response to environmental antigen leading to mast cell and basophil release of histamine, causing synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotreines, such as hay fever and asthma.
40
Type II Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity due to antibodies that react against self, such as hemolytic disease of maternal antibodies reacting to fetal RBCs, Myasthenia Gravis (AChR antibodies), and Good Pasture's Syndrome (Basement membrane antibodies causing nephritis).
41
Type III Hypersensitivity
Immune complexes of antigen and antibody that get stuck in small vessels, such as the kidneys, joints, pleura and skin. Complement is activated to respond to the antigen-antibody complex and healthy tissues are destroyed in the process, which happens in Lupus (making antibody to own DNA) and RA (making antibody to antibody).
42
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated hypersensitivity caused by activated CD4+ T-Cells (autoimune or innocent bystander injury); Contact hypersensitivity, TB reactions, Granulomatous hypersensitivity
43
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
Absence of B-lymphocytes
44
CD40 Ligand Deficiency
Failure of Ig class switching in B-cells
45
Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Deficiency
Failure of Ig class switching in B-cells
46
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Failure to produce antibodies to particular antigens
47
Omenn Syndrome
VDJ recombination Failure - cannot produce TCRs or BCRs
48
X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Failure to produce mature T-lymphocytes
49
DiGeorge Syndrome
Failure of the Thymus to develop correctly
50
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Failure of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells to produce or release lytic granules
51
IPEX
Failure of peripheral tolerance due to defective regulatory T-cells (Can't turn off the immune response)
52
What types of cells have no Output Signals?
Eosinophils and Basophils
53
What is the Neutrophil Output Signal and to what cell types?
TNF-alpha to T-cells and Macrophages
54
Name the two general activators of T-Cells.
IL-2 and IL-15
55
What cytokines differentiate T helper cells to Th1 helper cells?
IL-12 and IFN-gamma
56
What cytokine differentiate T helper cells to T2 helper cells?
IL-4
57
What cytokines down-regulate Th1 helper cells?
IL-10 and TGF-Beta
58
What cytokine down-regulates T2 helper cells?
TGF-Beta
59
What type of cell and receptor presents antigen to CD4+ Helper T-Cells in the lymph node or spleen?
Dendritic Cells on MHC II
60
What cell types express MHC I?
All cells of the body except RBCs
61
Why would it be better for the immune system to kill an infected cell than to let the virus kill it?
An infected viral cell has the potential to produce 100-1000s of viral particles during the cell death process. By making the cell commit apoptosis, then the virus can't replicate.
62
How is killing facilitated by CD8+ cytotoxic T-Cells?
FAS presented on a target cell binds to FAS ligand on the T-cell to induce caspase activation and apoptosis
63
What cytokines can be released by CD8+ T-Cells?
TNF, Perforin, and Granzymes
64
Describe Positive Selection of T-Cells in the Thymus.
T-cells must recognize MHC Class I or MHC Class II molecules (Self-Restriction) CD4 T-Cell recognizes MHC II CD8 T-Cell recognizes MHC I
65
Describe Negative Selection of T-Cells in the Thymus.
T-cells that recognize self-antigens bound to MHC II are killed (T-cells need to be tolerant to self-antigens)
66
What lymphocyte markers do T-Cells express?
All express CD3 (part of TCR) Some express CD4 Some express CD8
67
What lymphocyte markers do B -Cells express?
CD40 (BCR), CD79a and CD79b | No need for MHC recognition!
68
IgG
Two adjacent IgG molecules form a hexamer of IgG to activate complement Passes through placenta Replaces IgM after a week or two.
69
IgM
Polymeric immunoglobulin even better at activating complement than IgG and first antibody type to appear after new pathogen exposure. IgM secreted from a B-cell is in a pentamer form.
70
IgD
Main antibody inserted in B-cell membranes as an antigen receptor
71
IgA
Antibody in the secretions associated with Secretory Component (allows IgA to cross through the epithelial cells into the mucosal layer) Secretory component makes IgA resistant to digestive enzymes, as it is the first line of defense in mucous membranes.
72
IgE
Attach to mast cells and when bound to antigen, will cause the mast cell to produce prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines and release granules of histamine. Provides resistance to hemalinths
73
Describe the pathway of immunity to disease.
1. When an antigen penetrates the mucous membranes, it can encounter T and B cells that produce IgA and sometimes IgE. 2. IgA is secreted to establish local immunity. 3. If the antigen reaches local lymph nodes or spleen, IgM will be produced first, followed by IgG.

IHO Week 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions