Plasma Composition - Goueli Flashcards
What is responsible for plasma protein production?
Liver synthesizes and releases more than 90% of plasma proteins
Plasma Proteins include
Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins, Prohormones
Albumin
A protein that stays in the blood vessels, which plays a direct role in maintaining the oncotic pressure
Oncotic Pressure
The pressure related to the draw of fluid as it relates to the plasma protein pressure
How will fluids flow into the interstitial space?
High Hydrostatic Pressure
Low Plasma Protein Concentrations in the Blood Vessels
Equation for Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate X Systemic Vascular Resistance
Describe the factors in the equation of life = Delivery of Oxygen to Tissues depends on…
Hemoglobin, Cardiac Output, Oxygen Saturation in the Blood
Why do erythrocytes have a large ratio of surface area to volume?
Allows for rapid oxygen absorption or release
Hematopoiesis
Stem cells proliferate and differentiate into any blood cells
Hypoxia Inducible Factor
Induces the kidney to release EPO to stimulate the bone marrow to make hemoglobin
Function of Erythopoetin
Increases cell division rates in erythroblasts and in stem cells that produce erythroblasts to speed up maturation of RBCs by accelerating the rate of Hb synthesis
Why do RBCs lack mitochondria and how can they make energy?
Ensures that oxygen will be carried to peripheral tissues rather than “stolen” by mitochondria
Anerobic Glycolysis
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
ATP generated via glycolysis is decreased by 50%
Ranges from severe hymolytic anemia to jaundice
Treatment: Folic Acid Supplements, Splenectomy
To bind oxygen, the iron of hemoglobin must be in what state?
Ferrous (2+) State
Acquired Methemoglobinemia
Ingestion of certain oxidants (nitrates, aniline, sulfonamides, quinones) that can be treated by the administration of reducing agents such as ascorbic acid or methylene blue
Glutathione Peroxidase
Found in cytosol and mitochondria to remove H2O2 that is not in the peroxisomes (where selenium is used)
What is the RBCs chief defense against damage by reactive oxygen species?
Glutathione Cycle in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway (Reducing power for NADP+), but RBCs don’t have a nucleus and can’t make more G6PD, so once the G6PD is used up, the oxidative damage accumulates and lyses the RBC.
Leads to hemolytic anemia. Provides resistance to malaria.
THIS IS X-LINKED!!!!!
Symptoms of G6PD Deficiency
Hemolytic Anemia
Dark urine, pale skin, jaundice, organomegaly, fever, tachycardia
Peripheral Smear of G6PD Deficiency
Heinz Bodies, Bite Cells, Blister Cells
What is the cause of Hereditary Spherocytosis?
Defect in erythrocyte cytoskeleton proteins
What happens in cirrhosis and why do patients with cirrhosis develop ascites (build up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)?
Reduced albumin protein production + Reduced oncotic pressure = Increased hydrostatic pressure that will cause fluid to flow into the interstitial space
Methemoglobinemia and Benzocaine: what happens when they interact?
Acquired Methemoglobinemia
Results from the conversion of iron to Fe3+ from a single AA substitution in the heme binding pocket
Can be treated with reducing agents
How is G6PD genetically transmitted?
X-linked disease, common in African decent due to malaria protection
