Vaccines,Antibiotics,Clinical Trials Flashcards
About 200 years ago smallpox was a deadly disease. ___________ was a doctor in Gloucestershire. He noticed that people who caught cowpox were immune to ________. Cowpox is a mild disease which can be caught from cattle.
Edward Jenner
Smallpox
Jenner scratched the skin of a young boy. He the rubbed in _____from a person suffering from cowpox. The boy caught cowpox but soon recovered and was immune to the disease. Then he inoculated the boy with pus from a ______ victim. The boy did not catch the deadly smallpox. They had become _____ to smallpox because the virus had similar ______ to the cow pox virus.
Pus
Smallpox
Immune
Antigens
What is Poliomyelitis?
A virus that destroys nerve cells. It damages the spinal cord so much that victims become paralyzed.
Who made a vaccine for polio in 1953?
Jonas Salk
Jonas Salk was able to kill samples of polio. He injected the _____ ______ into people gave them immunity to the disease. Polio has now disappeared from developed countries.
Dead Virus
In 1999 which country became the first to use a vaccine against Meningitis C?
The UK
First used in Britain in 1998, the combined MMR vaccine gives protection against three diseases _____[3]. It was controversial because some people wrongly feared that the vaccine would make their children more susceptible to a condition called _______.
Autism
What is autism?
Mental condition impairing responses.
There are some diseases that vaccines can not be made for. If there is an______ of the disease people need protection quickly. They can be injected with _____-_____ antibodies. These antibodies have been made in the body of another person or animals.
Outbreak
Ready-Made
What is the problem with antibodies which have not been made by ourselves? And what else do we need?
It does not last very long. We need a further dose or booster. Boosters are needed to protect against typhoid and cholera.
How do antibiotics relieve symptoms?
By killing pathogens
Who discovered the first antibiotic in 1928?
Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was growing bacteria on ______ plates. But he left one of the plates open by mistake. ______ started growing on the surface. He noticed that the mould was stopping the bacteria from growing. The mould was called _____________.
Agar
Mould
Penicillium Notatum
10 years later Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered how to extract large quantities of the active _______ found in mould. This substance was called ________ and was the first antibiotic. It was quickly put to good use in treating soldiers wounds in the _______ ________ ________.
Substance
Penicillin
Second World War
Today when we talk about penicillin we are referring to a large group of ________. These are produced by a variety of different strains of the penicillium ______.
Antibiotics
Fungus
What is a placebo?
An inactive substance that has no treatment value. In clinical trials experimental treatments are often compared with placebos to asses the treatment’s effectiveness.
What is a blinded study?
A study where the participants do not know whether they being given the experimental treatment or a placebo.
What is a double-blinded study?
A study where neither the participants nor the study staff know which patients are receiving the experimental treatment and which ones are receiving a placebo. These studies are performed so that neither the patients’ nor the doctors’ expectations about the experimental drug can influence the outcome.
Some diseases can be treated with medicines that contain useful drugs. But before they can be used any medical treatment has to be extensively ______ and _____.
Tested and trialed
What are clinical trials used for?
They are used to determine whether drugs and treatments are both safe and effective.
When are new therapies tested on people?
After laboratory and animal studies show promising results.
All clinical trials are based upon a set of rules called a ______.
Protocol
What is a protocol?
A protocol sets out what types of people will participate in the trial, along with the schedule of tests,procedures,medications and dosages and the length of the study.
In a clinical trial the participants are seen regularly by the research ______ who monitor their health and determine the safety and effectiveness of the treatment.
Staff
