vaccines

Question 1

a desirable immunogen has these 4 features providing:

Answer 1

• complete prevention of disease
• it prevents the carrier state
• prolongs immunity; preferrably lifetime immunity
• not toxic

Question 2

Passive immunity is

Answer 2

when immunoglobulins are injected into a person rather than receiving a vaccine where the person would mount its own immune response and create antibodies

Question 3

Sources of immunoglobulins include

Answer 3

• animals
• man (plasma)
• eggs
• recombinant bacteria or yeast

Question 4

Passive immunization is useful for

Answer 4

• urgent situations, immunity is inferred relatively quickly with levels of antibodies increasing immediately after iv administration
• immunocompromised or those with primary immunodeficiency i.e. those who cannot mount an immune response on their own
• prevention of contagious disease when time does not permit for active immunization
• treatment of diseases normally controlled by active immunization e.g. tetanus
• treament of diseases where active immunization not available or practical e.g. snakebites, BAT
  
  • rarely of condition or exposure does not support mass immunization

Question 5

what is the main drawback of passive immunization

Answer 5

it is short term, i.e. it does not infer life long immunity

Question 6

what are AEs commonly observed with passive immunizing agents

Answer 6

• injection site reaction
• fever, chills, backache, hypersensitivity
• if animal sourced (serum sickness)

Question 7

active immunization is

Answer 7

• IM or SC administration of antigen which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies

Question 8

antigens (vaccines) can be

Answer 8

• live attenuated (do not cause disease)
• inactivated (dead cells or virus like particles)

Question 9

what are 3 reasons why active immunization is preferred over passive immunization

Answer 9

• longer (years, sometimes lifetime) immunity compared with a few months for passive immunization
• confers greater resistance with higher titres
• eliminates carrier state

Question 10

Common vaccines include

Answer 10

• MMR - measels, mumps rubella
• tDAP - tetanus, diptheria, pertussis
• polio
• pneumococcus
• Hep A/B
• meningitis C,B, ACWY
• BCG - Bacukke calmette -Guerin
• HPV
• influenza
• varicella zoster (chicken pox)

Question 11

Dogs are commonly immunized for

Answer 11

• parvo virus
• distemper
• adenovirus
• rabies

Question 12

cats are commonly immunized for

Answer 12

herpes virus

parvo virus