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Chemo & Drug Assessment > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Quinine alkaloids are found in this

A

Chinchona bark

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2
Q

which is a strong cardiodepressant, quinine or quinidine

A

Quinidine

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3
Q

one used to induce labour or abortion and why

A

quinine because contracts smooth uterine muscle

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4
Q

what is the mechanism of action of quinine salts

A

they bind to DNA inhibiting synthesis of plasmoidal nucleic acids

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5
Q

what is the selective toxicity of quinine salts

A

the uptake of quinine is in erythrocytes leading to an increased concentration at the site of action

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6
Q

In addition to antimalarial propertities, quinine salts also exhibit

A

antipyretic and analgesic properties

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7
Q

what are common side effects with quinine salts

A
  • tinnitus
  • myocardial hypotension
  • blurred vision
  • headache
  • nausea
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8
Q

which stage of the lifecycle are quinine salts effective on

A
  • para-erythrocytic
  • schizonts and gametes
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9
Q

what is quinine normally used for

A

resistant malaria P. Falciparum

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10
Q

Name the antimalarial drugs (9)

A
  1. quinines & salts
  2. mepacrine
  3. Chloroquine
  4. primaquin
  5. mefloquin
  6. biguanides
  7. halofanring
  8. Pyrimethamine
  9. artemesinin
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11
Q

Chlorquine has a long or short half life which has led to ____dosing following an initial ____dose

A
  • long
  • weekly
  • load
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12
Q

Chloroquines are more or less toxic than quinine and mepacrine

A

less toxic

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13
Q

what are some common side effects of chlorquine

A
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • vomiting
  • skin rash
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14
Q

these antimalarial drugs kill schizonts and gametes

A
  • quinines
  • mepacrine
  • chloroquine
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15
Q

True/False: Primaquin acts against shizonts and gametes of malaria

A

false, it acts only against gametes

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16
Q

the mechanism of action of primaquin involves

A

binding to mitochondria of liver forms causing them to swell and be vacuated

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17
Q

primaquin is used for prophylaxis or cure

A

cure in combination with chlorquine

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18
Q

common side effects of primaquin include

A
  • GI upset
  • lukopenia
  • hemolytic anemia in those with Glc-6-phosphate dhg
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19
Q

the mechanism of action of mefloquin

A

depends on interference of transport of hemoglobin from host cell to parasite food vacuole, binding to malrial pigment hemozoin

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20
Q

mefloquin has a long or short half life

A

long

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21
Q

adverse effects of mefloquin include

A

GI distrubance

CNS issues - confusion, insomia psychosis

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22
Q

Proquanil and Chlorproquanil are part of this class of antimalarials

A

Biguanides

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23
Q

this antimalarial is similar to the antibiotic trimethoprim

A

Pyrimethamine

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24
Q

pyrimethamine acts by inhibiting this enzyme which impairs DNA synthesis

A

dihydrofolate reductase

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25
Q

Artemesinin is derived from the chinese herb

A

quinghao

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26
Q

the mechanism of action of artemesinin

A
  • acts on the electron transport chain
  • generating local reactive oxygen
  • cause depolarization of the mitochondrial memberane
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27
Q

Trichomoniasis is a protozoa commonly causing what

A

vaginalis

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28
Q

vaginalis is treated with

A

metronidazole

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29
Q

the source of toxoplasmosis is

A

the feces of dogs and cats, primarily cats

30
Q

toxoplasmosis is especially dangerous for this patient population and why

A
  • pregnant woment
  • the parasite will cross the blood brain barrier causing fetal or neonatal death or congential deformities
31
Q

these two drugs are used to treat toxoplasmosis

A

pyramethamine

sulfphdiazine

32
Q

giardiasis lablia is treated with

A

metronidazole

33
Q

what is selective toxicity

A

exploiting different structures and functions between host and parasitic organism

34
Q

what are the four primary mechanisms of action of antimicrobials, give an example of a drug class for each moa

A
  • inhibition of metabolic reactions
    • sulfonamides
  • inhibition of cell wall synthesis
    • penicillin
  • modification of cell membrane permeability
    • polymixin
  • inhibition of protein synthesis
    • rifamycin
35
Q

antimicrobials can be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal, what are each of these

A
  • Bacteriostatic - inhibits growth and replication, allows body’s immune system to fight infection
  • Bacteriocidal - kills bacteria
36
Q

which groups of drugs exhibit bacteriocidal activity

A

those that act on the cell wall or cell membrane

37
Q

which groups of drugs exhibit bacteriostatic activity

A

those that inhibit protein synthesis or metabolic reactions

38
Q

when can bacteriostatic drugs be bactericidal

A

at high doses

39
Q

True/False: Bacteria synthesize folate, mammals do not

A

true

40
Q

which group of drugs is responsible for inhibition of metabolic reactions in cells

A

Anti-metabolites

41
Q

what is the selective toxicity of anti-metabolites

A

absence of biological reactions

42
Q

what are some drugs in the antimetabolite group

A
  • sulfonamides
  • antifolates
  • purine analogues
  • pyrimidine analogues
43
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antimetabolites

A
  • they inhibit metabolic reaction by binding to the site of action
  • they mimic the metabolite needed for the reaction
44
Q

what is folic acid necessary for

A

syntheis of dna and rna

45
Q

sulfonamides are the structural analogue of

A
  • PABA
  • Paba is a part of folic acid structure
  • folic is needed for dna/rna synthesis
46
Q

competitive antagonist with PABA for hydropteroate synthetase

A

sulfonamides

47
Q

what is another antimetabolite and what is it an analogue for

A

trimethorprim

folate

48
Q

what are the classes of drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis (3) and provide example of antibiotic in each category

A
  • beta lactams
    • penicillins, cephalosporins
  • glycopeptides
    • vancomycin
  • polypeptides
    • bacitracin
49
Q

how do drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis work

A
  • cause the cells to swell and burst b/c the medium is hypotonic wrt cell interior
  • interfering with cell wall synthesis
50
Q

how do drugs that modify cell membrane permeability work

A

slectively bind to plasma membrane causing leakage of phosphate and nucleaosides

e.g. polymixin B and C

51
Q

how do drugs that inhbit protein synthesis work

A
  • by binding to 30 or 50S subunits of ribosomes preventing protein synthesis
  • blocking RNA polymerase
52
Q

Rifamycin has its selective toxicity in that

A

it only targets RNA synthesis not DNA synthesis therefore no effect on mammalian cells

53
Q

what are two drugs that inhibit RNA synthesis

A

rifamycin

4-quinolones

54
Q

these drugs act at the 30s ribosome and 50s ribosome

A
  • 30s- aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
  • 50s - chloramphenicol, erythromycin
55
Q

name two types of fungi

A
  • dermatophytes
  • yeasts
56
Q

infect skin, hair, nails

A

dermatophytes

57
Q

cause candidiasis

A

yeast

58
Q

cause ringworm

A

dermatophytes

59
Q

what are three species of dermatophytes that cause infection in man

A
  • tricophyton - nails
  • epidermophyton - skin
  • microsporum - hair
60
Q

what is the scientific word for ringworm

A

tinea

61
Q

how is ringworm treated

A
  • topically with zinc, benzoic acid and salicylic acid
  • using grisefulvin
62
Q

what is a common infection from yeast

A

thrush

63
Q

what is used to treat thrush

A

nystatin topical or oral

64
Q

nystatin acts by

A

causing cell membrane to leak amino acids and glucose causing cell lysis

65
Q

what is used to treat systemic candidiasis and how does it act

A

flucytosine

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to tRNA preventing transcription of protien

66
Q

what are the 4 classes of wide spectrum anti-fungals and what can each treat

A
  1. natamycin
    • dermatophytes and yeast
    • anti-trichomonal
  2. imidazoles & triazoles
    • dermatophytes and yeast and trichomonas
  3. amphotericin
    • deep seated systemic yeast
  4. echioncandins
    • aspergillus and candida
67
Q

what are som drugs in imadizole/triazole family

A
  • clotrimazole
  • econazole
  • miconazole
  • ketoconazole
  • fluconazole
  • ticonazole
68
Q

malaria is a bacterial or protozoal disease

A

protozoal

69
Q

how do protozoa differ from bacteria

A
  • single celled
  • larger than bacteria
  • move by means of cilia or flagella or amoeboid movement
  • contain nuclei and mitochondria resembling mammalian cells
70
Q

what cells are injected from an infected mosquito into humans

A

sporozoites

71
Q

where does reproduction of malarial cells occur

A

in the liver via para-erythrocytic stage

72
Q
A

Chemo & Drug Assessment (10 decks)

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