Vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
Vaccine Preparation: requirements for effective Vaccine
A
- should have a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm
- should protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogen
- should stimulate both antibody (B-cell_ response and cell mediated (T-cell) response
- long-term, lasting effects (produce memory)
- should not require numerous doses or boosters
- inexpensive, have a relatively long shelf life, and be easy to administer
2
Q
Vaccine: Types
A
- killed whole cell or inactivated viruses
- live, attenuated cells or viruses
- antigenic molecules from bacteria or viruses
- genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens
3
Q
development of new vaccines
A
- dozens of bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal diseases still remain without a functional vaccine:
- malaria
- HIV/AIDS
- various diarrheal diseases
- respiratory disease
- worm infestations
4
Q
DNA vaccines (development of new vaccines)
A
- microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a recipient
- human cells take up the plasmid and express the microbial DNA in the form of proteins
- these foreign proteins will be recognized by the immune system and sensitize B and T cells
5
Q
Steps for development of new vaccines
A
- DNA that codes for protein antigen is extracted from pathogen genome
- genomic DNA is inserted into plasmid vector; plasmid is amplified and prepared as vaccine
- DNA vaccine is injected into subject
- cells of subject accept plasmid with pathogens DNA. DNA is transcribed and translated into various proteins
- foreign protein of pathogen is inserted into cell membrane, where it will stimulate immune response
6
Q
Impact of vaccines
A
- changed the health of the world
- look at types of vaccines
- vaccines: know and differentiate the various categories of vaccines
- look at immunization schedules
- long-lasting immunity
- herd immunity
- indirect protection of non immune
- prevents epidemics
