Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccine Preparation: requirements for effective Vaccine

A
  1. should have a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm
  2. should protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogen
  3. should stimulate both antibody (B-cell_ response and cell mediated (T-cell) response
  4. long-term, lasting effects (produce memory)
  5. should not require numerous doses or boosters
  6. inexpensive, have a relatively long shelf life, and be easy to administer
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2
Q

Vaccine: Types

A
  • killed whole cell or inactivated viruses
  • live, attenuated cells or viruses
  • antigenic molecules from bacteria or viruses
  • genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens
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3
Q

development of new vaccines

A
  • dozens of bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal diseases still remain without a functional vaccine:
    • malaria
    • HIV/AIDS
    • various diarrheal diseases
    • respiratory disease
    • worm infestations
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4
Q

DNA vaccines (development of new vaccines)

A
  • microbial DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector and inoculated into a recipient
  • human cells take up the plasmid and express the microbial DNA in the form of proteins
  • these foreign proteins will be recognized by the immune system and sensitize B and T cells
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5
Q

Steps for development of new vaccines

A
  1. DNA that codes for protein antigen is extracted from pathogen genome
  2. genomic DNA is inserted into plasmid vector; plasmid is amplified and prepared as vaccine
  3. DNA vaccine is injected into subject
  4. cells of subject accept plasmid with pathogens DNA. DNA is transcribed and translated into various proteins
  5. foreign protein of pathogen is inserted into cell membrane, where it will stimulate immune response
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6
Q

Impact of vaccines

A
  • changed the health of the world
  • look at types of vaccines
  • vaccines: know and differentiate the various categories of vaccines
  • look at immunization schedules
  • long-lasting immunity
  • herd immunity
    • indirect protection of non immune
    • prevents epidemics
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