Urogenital Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Female Urinary System
A
- 2 kidneys, 2 ureters one bladder and one urethra
- short urethra
2
Q
Male Reproductive System
A
- longer urethra
- opening to urethra is further from the anus in male
- men have a lower incidence in UTI’s
3
Q
Normal Flora
A
- exception of the area near the external opening of the urethra, urinary system is sterile
- vaginal flora vary w/ age and are dependent on hormones
- between puberty and menopause, the lactobacilli form a major part of the normal flora of the vagina
4
Q
Cystitis
A
- infection of the urinary bladder which may include dysuria and pyuria
- eight times more common in women
- E. coli most common cause followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus and others such as Proteus and Klebsiella
- 900,000 nosocomial cases annually, often associated w/ catheters
5
Q
Pyelonephritis
A
- inflammation of one or both kidneys
- usually a complication of an infection some where else in the body: urinary bladder
- E.coli is cause of 75% of the time
- fever and back pain are indicators
- Requires antibiotic treatment for extended period
6
Q
Gonorrhea
A
- Neisseria gonorrheae
- Gm neg diplo-cocci
- one of the most common reportable communicable disease in US
- Gonococcus attaches to the mucosal cells w/ fimbriae
- easily spread thru sexual contact
- females more likely to be asymptomatic unless the infection is severe
- pelvic inflammatory disease may be a result of the infection
- males show symptoms of painful urination and a discharge of puss from the urethra
- symptoms show up in a few days
- antibiotic resistance has risen dramatically in the last 20 years
- complications lead to: gonorrheal endocarditis, gonorrheal meningitis and gonorrheal arthritis
- newborns can experience opthalmalia neonatorium
7
Q
Nongonococcal Urethrirtis (NGU)
A
- Chlamydia trachomatis, Myciplasma hominis, Ureplasma urelayticum
- coinfection w/ Neisseria is common
- most common STD in the US
- often asymptomatic in males and females
- untreated can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease which may cause scarring of the uterine tubes
- tho to be a major cause of infertility
- culturing used to be difficult but newer tests such as PCR make it easier
8
Q
Chlamydia Trachomatis (NGU)
A
- Most common NGU
- “The 1,030,911 new cases in 2006 for chlamydia, which can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women as well as infertility, mark “an all-time high” for the disease in the United States…” “The CDC now estimates that there are 19 million new cases of STDs diagnosed in the United States each year. Almost half of these occur among people 15 to 24 years of age, and they cost the health care system an estimated at $14.7 billion annually.”
- Can be silent infection in women
- Causes scarring of the uterine tubes leading to infertility
- Major cause of infertility
- Treated with antimicrobial drugs – both partners
9
Q
Pelvic inflammatory Disease (PID)
A
- N. gonnorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis and others
- Salpingitis-infection of uterine tubes
- leads to infertility and ectopic pregnancy
10
Q
Syphilis
A
- Treponema pallidum
- Spirochete, Gm neg
- can’t be cultured on bacterial media;need to use tissue culture
- diagnosed w/ serological testing: VDRL or RPR tests
- tests detect 70-80% of 1degree and 99% of the 2 degree
- treatment usually benzathine penicillin
11
Q
Stages of Syphilis
A
- Primary stage: Hard based chancre at site of infection; may be asymptomatic in both men and women; highly contagious at this stage
- Secondary stage: Skin rash develops all over the body including the mucus membranes several weeks later; highly contagious but not likely to be spread by nonsexual contact because organism is environmentally sensitive
- Tertiary stage: Disease becomes latent and after 2-4 years < 50% progress to 3o stage. Immune reaction to spirochetes: gummas form in many organs and on the skin, cardiovascular, brain involvement and congenital syphilis may occur
12
Q
Congenital Syphilis
A
- transmitted across the placenta to the fetus
- damage to NS
- most common during latent period; pregnancy during 1st or 2nd stage usually leads to stillbirth
13
Q
Gardnerella Vaginosis
A
- upset in the ecology of the vagina allows an overgrowth of this organism which is found in asymptomatic women
- always seen w/ “clue” cells; epithelial cells of vagina surrounded by bacterial cells
- fishy odor to discharge; copious discharge
14
Q
Candidiasis
A
- Candida albicans; bimorphic yeasts (2 forms- filamentous and unicellular)
- vaginal infections and mucus membranes
- vaginal overgrowth by the yeasts
- may occur after women take antibiotics which kill her other normal bacterial flora; yeast grows because there is not competition
15
Q
Trichomoniasis
A
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Protozoan
- men have no symptoms usually
- women have discharge- yellow/green
- must treat both partners
- metronidazole
