Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

the study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2
Q

Atom

A
  • the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
  • atoms interact to form molecules
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3
Q

Atoms are composed of:

A
  • Electrons- negatively charged particles
  • Protons- positively charged particles
  • Neutrons- uncharged/ neutral particles
  • Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus
  • Electrons move around the nucleus (electron shell)
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4
Q

Chemical elements

A
  • each element has a unique number of protons
  • there are the same number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom
  • Atomic number= number of protons
  • Atomic weight = number of protons and neutrons
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5
Q

Atomic symbols

A
Hydrogen-H
Carbon-C
Nitrogen- N
Oxygen- O
Sodium- Na
Magnesium- Mg
Phosphorus- P
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6
Q

Electronic Configurations

A
  • electrons are arranged in electron shells corresponding to different energy levels
  • each shell has a maximum number of electrons
  • electrons fill the inner-most shells first
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7
Q

How atoms form molecules

A
  • atoms combine to form molecules
  • a molecule that contains 2 or more types of atoms is called a compound: H20
  • The “2” indicates that there are 2 atoms of hydrogen combined with 1 atom of oxygen
  • molecules hold together because of attractive forces. called chemical bonds, between the atomic nuclei
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8
Q

Chemical Reactions

A
  • involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms
  • a change in chemical energy occurs during a chemical reaction
  • Endergonic- reactions absorb energy
  • Exergonic- reactions release energy
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9
Q

Synthesis reactions

A
  • occur when atoms, ions or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules
    example: A + B –>(combines to form) AB (new molecule)

Anabolism: the synthesis of molecules in a cell

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10
Q

Decomposition reactions

A
  • occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions or atoms
    example: AB –> (breaks down into) A + B

Catabolism: the decomposition reactions in a cell

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11
Q

Organic vs inorganic compounds

A

Organic- always contain carbon and hydrogen
-example: C6H12O6

Inorganic- typically lack carbon
-example: CO2, Water, Oxygen gas

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12
Q

Polar Molecule (water)

A
  • whole molecule is neutral

- but, one end has a negative charge and the other end has a positive charge

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13
Q

water

A
  • life on earth evolved based on the chemistry of water
  • inorganic
  • water makes up 65-75% of cells, on average
  • water more easily maintains a constant temperature than many other solvents; protects cells from temperature fluctuations
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14
Q

acids, bases and salts

A
  • dissociate into positively charged H+ ions and negatively charged ions
  • dissociate into one or more H+ ion

example: HCI–> H+ + CI-

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15
Q

Bases

A
  • dissociate into negatively charged hydroxyl ions OH- and positively charged ions
  • one or more OH- ion

example: NaOH –> Na+ + OH-

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16
Q

Salts

A
  • dissolves into water; does not produce hydrogen ions or hydroxyl
  • dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

example: NaCI –> Na+ + CI-

17
Q

pH scale

A
  • most organisms grow best between ph of 6.5 to 8.5
  • neutral pH= 7
  • acidic pH= 0-6
  • basic pH= 8-14
18
Q

functional groups

A

are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound

19
Q

Organic Compounds

A
  • small organic molecules can combine into large macromolecules (large)
  • macromolecules are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules (many)
  • the smaller molecules are called monomers (one)
20
Q

Major Macromolecules in Living Organisms

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
21
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • cell structures and energy sources
  • consist of C, H and O
  • Monosaccharides- are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
  • Disaccharides- are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together
  • Oligosaccharides- consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides- consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined together
    • polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently
      • starch is a plant storage product
      • Glycogen is an animal storage product
      • Cellulose is a structural compound in plants
      • Chitin is a polymer of 2 sugars repeating many times
        • hard substance in insect, crustacean, fungal cell walls etc.
22
Q

Lipids

A
  • primary components of cell membranes
    • examples: fats, oils, waxes
    • consist of C, H, and O
    • are nonpolar and insoluble in water
23
Q

Simple lipids

A
  • fats or triglycerides
    • typically contain 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
    • glycerol is a 3-carbon compound
    • fatty acids contain long chains of carbons and are non-polar
  • saturated fat- no double bonds
  • unsaturated fat- one or more double bonds in the fatty acids
24
Q

Complex Lipids

A
  • contain C, H, and O + P, N or S
  • membranes are made of phospholipids
  • phospholipids have 2 fatter aids and a phosphate group bonded to the glycerol molecule
  • sterols (steroids)
25
Q

Protein

A
  • are essential in cell structure and function
  • function as
    • enzymes that speed chemical reactions
    • transporter proteins that move chemicals across membranes
    • flagella are made of proteins
    • some bacterial toxins are proteins
26
Q

Amino Acids

A

-proteins are polymers made of subunits

27
Q

Peptide bonds

A
  • amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
28
Q

Levels of Protein Structure

A

-structure is important because the protein is not “active” or able to perform its function unless it is arranged in the correct structure

  • primary structure- is a polypeptide cain (chain of amino acids)
  • secondary structure- occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats
  • tertiary structure-occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
  • quaternary structure- consists of 2 or more polypeptides that are folded together
29
Q

Conjugated proteins

A
  • consist of amino acids and other organic molecules bonded together
    • glycoproteins- protein + carbohydrate
    • nucleoproteins- protein + nucleic acid
    • lipoproteins- protein + lipid
  • many important compounds in the cell are conjugated proteins
30
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • consist of nucleotides
  • nucleotides consist of a
    • pentose- 5 carbon sugar
    • phosphate group
    • Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base
31
Q

DNA

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
    • codes for genetic information in the cell
    • has deoxyribose- type 5-carbon sugar
    • exists as a double helix
    • hydrogen bonds hold the two chains together
    • nitrogen bases- adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanosine
      • A bonds with T
      • C bonds with G
32
Q

RNA

A
  • Ribonucleic acid
    • involved in protein synthesis in the cell
    • has ribose- a type of 5-carbon sugar
    • is single-stranded
    • nitrogen bases- adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine
      • A bonds with U
      • C bonds with G
33
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
    • has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
    • energy carrying compound in the cell
    • Carries energy in the high energy bond of 3rd phosphate (2nd phosphate bond is also high energy)
    • when bond is broken useful energy is liberated for the cell