Emerging Infectious Disease (Chp 1)

Question 1

Normal Microbiota

Answer 1

-Microbes that are normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota
- older term is normal flora
they prevent growth of pathogens
-produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K which we need for our nutrition

Question 2

Resistance (Normal Microbiota)

Answer 2

• the ability of the body to ward off disease
• resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals
• when a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results

Question 3

Infectious Disease (EID)

Answer 3

• well described and are documented in history going back to the Greeks and Romans
• EID- new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
  • often these diseases have been reported but the incidence was so low that they were not studied extensively

Question 4

EID- Swine Flu

Answer 4

• March 2009 a new influenza A virus was reported in Mexico and US
• Viral type: H1N1
• Causes a wide range of flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some have nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
• more likely in young, H1N1 flu has caused disease in people younger than 25 more then older
• more likely to cause disease in people with underlying health conditions regardless of age
• CDC recommends the use of antiviral drugs oseltamivir or zanamivir for confirmed cases
• CDC recommends that people with novel H1N1 flu avoid contact with others as much as possible. If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone

Question 5

Swine Flu- Blame pigs?

Answer 5

• the swine flu virus contains genes from at least four types of flu viruses:
  
  • flu virus from Asian pigs
  • flu virus from European pigs
  • flu virus from birds (avian flu)
  • flu virus from humans

Question 6

Typical Seasonal Flu

Answer 6

• not considered a EID because it has been around for a long time - virus
• Influenza symptoms
  
  • fever or chills
  • cough
  • sore throat
  • runny or stuffy nose
  • body aches/ headaches
  • fatigue
  • some may have vomiting, diarrhea
• *not every flu will have a fever**

Question 7

EID- SARS

Answer 7

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
• associated with Coronavirus- virus
• Occurred in 2002-2003
  
  • world health organization estimates over 8,000 cases in 29 countries with 812 deaths, 9.6% case fatality
• person to person transmission
• most recent cases were acquired in a laboratory
• Clinical criteria:
  
  • temp > 100.4F and
  • one or more findings of respiratory illness
    
    • X ray evidence of pneumonia
    • Respiratory stress syndrome
    • autopsy findings consistent with above
• no recent outbreaks

Question 8

EID-AIDS

Answer 8

• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  
  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- virus
  • first in 1981
  • worldwide epidemic infecting 44 million people, 14,00 new infections every day
  • sexually transmitted disease affecting males and female
  • in the US, HIV/AIDS cases: 30% are female and 75% are African American

Question 9

EID- Chickungunya Disease

Answer 9

• viral disease, transmitted to humans by mosquitoes
  
  • Aedes asegypti and Aedes albopictus
• muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, high fever and rash
• no specific antiviral drug treatment
• no vaccine
• symptoms last a few days to weeks
• Oct. 2014- over 776,000 suspected cases of Chikungunya have been recorded and some south American countries, 152 deaths

Question 10

ZIKA Virus

Answer 10

• has rapidly spread in tropical and semi-tropical regions of South America, Central America and the Caribbean from 2014-2016
  = previously seen in Asia and Africa but not large outbreaks reported
  -carried by Aedes species mosquito, Mosquitoes bite infected humans, pick up the virus, infect another person when they bite them
  -same mosquitoes that carry Chickungunya and Dengue fever. Bite during the daytime
  -can spread by mother-to-baby across the placenta, by sex and by blood transfusion
  -mild symptoms in most people
  
  • include fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, and headaches. These symptoms last usually 2-7 days
    Complications:
    -pregnant women may have children with microcephaly
  • Guilliain- Barre Syndrome