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Micro > Chapter 18-19 > Flashcards

Chapter 18-19 Flashcards

1
Q

immunopathology

A

the study of disease states associated with over-activity or under-activity of the immune response

- Allergies
- Autoimmunity
- Grafts and transfusions
- Immunodeficiency
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2
Q

allergy

A

altered, usually exaggerated response to an allergen (antigen); manifested by inflammation

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3
Q

autoimmunity

A

antibodies or T cells sensitized to self- antigen and attack self antigens

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4
Q

immunodeficiency

A

immune response is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed

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5
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

allergens (antigens) cause an exaggerated immune response

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6
Q

Type I -allergic reactions

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Take place in less than 30 minutes
  • IgE
  • 10% - 30% of population suffer from allergies
  • Susceptibility has strong hereditary component

Two levels of severity of type I allergies
-Atopy: localized- chronic local allergy (hay fever, asthma, etc.)

-Anaphylaxis: systemic, sometimes fatal reaction

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7
Q

Type 1: Atopy

A
  • Localized
  • Hay fever
  • Asthma
  • Eczema
  • Food allergies – difficult to test for
    • 8 foods account for 97% of food-related allergies:
    • eggs, peanuts, tree-grown nuts, milk, soy, fish, wheat and peas
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8
Q

Type 1: Anaphylaxis

A

-Cutaneous anaphylaxis: wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to a local injection of allergen

  • Systemic anaphylaxis: sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal
    • Greatly amplified response of chemical mediators
    • Death has occurred within 15 minutes
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9
Q

Type I: Mechanisms

A

First exposure

  • Sensitizing dose - elicits no symptoms
  • Memory B cells are produced
  • Small amount of IgE antibodies are produced
  • Mast cells and basophils bind the IgE
  • Mast cells are located in tissue
  • Basophiles circulate in blood but can enter tissue
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10
Q

function of mast cells and basophils

A
  • Contain receptors that bind IgE antibodies
  • Ubiquitous location (connective tissue for most organs)
  • Secrete chemical mediators from cytoplasmic granules when activated
  • Release contents of granules by degranulation when activated: e.g. histamine released
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11
Q

Type I: Second exposure

A

Second exposure

  • Allergen binds across two IgE molecules on mast or basophil
  • Allergic mediators such as histamine released
  • Signs and symptoms of allergy appear
  • IgE-primed mast cells can remain in the tissues for years
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12
Q

allergens and their portals of entry

A
  • Proteins most common
  • Proteins are more allergenic than carbohydrates, fats, or nucleic acids
  • Some allergens are happens
  • Typically enter through epithelial portals in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin
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13
Q

chemical mediators released by mast cells

A

Responsible for allergic symptoms

  • Histamine*
  • Serotonin
  • Leukotriene*
  • Platelet-activating factor
  • Prostaglandins
  • Bradykinins
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14
Q

treatment and prevention of allergy

A
  • avoid the allergen
  • take drugs that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells or chemical mediators
  • undergo desensitization therapy
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15
Q

Type II- Antibody Mediated

A
  • Antibody – mediated reactions
    • Also called Cytotoxic
    • Lyse foreign cells
    • Interaction of antibodies, foreign cells, and complement, which then leads foreign cell lysis
      • ABO blood groups
      • Rh factor
      • Other RBC antigens
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16
Q

common allergens, classified by portal of entry

A

inhalants, ingestants, injectants and contactants

17
Q

ABO blood groups

A
  • RBC markers (glycoproteins)
  • Genetically determined
  • Alleles – A, B, O
  • Blood types
18
Q

blood types

A
  • Each individual will have antibodies against another antigenic type
    • Type A will have anti-b antibodies
    • Type B will have anti-a antibodies
    • Type O will have anti-b and anti-a antibodies
      • Universal donor
    • Type AB will has no anti-b or anti-a antibodies
      • Universal recipient
19
Q

agglutination test

A

used to type blood

20
Q

transfusion with incompatible blood

A
  • as the type A blood flows into the veins of recipient -> Ab agglutinate the cells
  • complement classic pathway-> RBC’s destroyed
21
Q

Rh factor

A
  • Another RBC antigen
    • At least one dominant allele = Rh+
    • Two recessive alleles = Rh-
  • Placental sensitization
  • Hemolytic disease
  • Prevention
22
Q

hemolytic disease of fetus/ newborns

A

-happens with Rh- mother and Rh + baby

  • First pregnancy
    • Little antibody against Rh produced
    • Memory cells
  • Second pregnancy
    • Larger immune response because of memory cells
    • Mother’s AB destroy baby’s RBC’s
    • Hemolysis
23
Q

prevention from hemolytic newborns

A
  • Passive immunity using immunoglobin containing anti-Rh factor (RhoGAM)
    • 28-38 weeks
    • Immediately after delivery
  • Administer for each pregnancy that involves Rh+ fetus and Rh- mother
  • Ineffective if mother is already sensitized
24
Q

Type III

A

-immune complex-mediated reactions

  1. soluble Ab circulating in the serum reacts with Ag
  2. Ab-Ag complexes are deposited in the organs and joints
  3. causes inflammatory response that damages tissue
25
Q

Type III (similarities and differences)

A
  • Similar to type II
    • Involves production of IgG and IgM after repeated exposure to antigens and the activation of complement
  • Differs from type II
    • Its antigens are not attached to the surface of a cell
    • Free-floating complexes that can be deposited in the tissue  basement membranes
26
Q

Example of Type III- Arthus reaction

A
  • Injected antigen (eg. Vaccine, drug – usually from animal serum)
  • Acute response to a second injection of antigen
  • Localized dermal injury due to inflamed blood vessels
  • Severe cases result in necrosis at site of injection
27
Q

examples of Type III- Serum Sickness

A
  • Injection of serum, hormones, drugs (usually from animal serum)
  • Systemic injury
  • Ag-Ab complexes circulate in the blood and eventually settle into membranes (kidney, heart, skin)  inflammatory response
  • Chronic
28
Q

Type IV

A
  • Cell-mediated (delayed) reactions
    • T cell response
  • Delayed-type hypersensitivity
29
Q

delayed-type hypersensitivity

A
  • Infectious allergy – e.g. TB skin test
  • Contact dermatitis
  • Tissue rejection
30
Q

tissue rejection

A
  • T cell mediated recognition of foreign MHC receptors
    • Cytotoxic T cells
    • Host rejection of graft
    • Graft rejection of host
31
Q

autoimmunity

A
  • Antibodies, T cells or both, mount an immune response against self antigens
    • Systemic or organ-specific
    • Type II, III or IV reactions

Micro (18 decks)

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