vaccines

Question 1

what are 2 types of passive immunization?

Answer 1

1) non-specific standard (gamma)

2) hyperimmune human immunoglobulin

Question 2

non-specific standard immunoglobulin (gamma globulin)

Answer 2

mixture of plasma proteins and broad spectrum antibodies.

prevention of disease for which there are no specific immunoglobulin preparations

(one type of passive immunization)

Question 3

passive immunization

Answer 3

rapid, temporary immunit. purified antibodies or antibody containing serum are given to patient.

protection decreases when immunoglobulins are cleared from recipient’s serum. i.e it is very much temporary.

(maternal antibodies that cross placenta and breastmilk are both considered passive immunization)

Question 4

hyperimmune human immunoglobulin

Answer 4

high concentrations of Abs specific to a particular pathogen. Administered to patient who has been exposed to that pathogen (passive immunization)

Question 5

what is the main adverse effect associated with injection of preformed antibodies (as in passive immunization?)

Answer 5

anaphylaxis/ immune response against antigenic determinants of foreign antibodies

Question 6

what are the 3 major types of active immunization?

Answer 6

1) inactivated
2) live
3) DNA

Question 7

active immunization

Answer 7

recipient’s immune response is prompted to respond as if the body were experiencing infection with the microorganism (i.e. produces antibodies!). may take weeks to months for individual to develop immunity

Question 8

Inactivated Vaccine

Answer 8

components no longer “alive”- cannot replicate

can produce protective immune response without risk of infection by agent.

Question 9

4 types of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 9

1)Killed bacterium or virus (TDaP)
2) Subunit Vaccine (protective immune response)
1- Recombinant (Hep B) OR Polysaccharides & peptide (i.e. conjugated like streptococcus pneumoniae)
3) Toxoid

Question 10

what kind of immune response do polysaccharides initiate?

Answer 10

T-independent B cell response

Question 11

how do you inactivate components for inactivated vaccines?

Answer 11

1) formalin
2) heat
3) UV light

Question 12

what is the mechanism for how at peptide or polysaccharide conjugated vaccine works and what are examples?

Answer 12

capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein (i.e. diptheria toxoid). –> bound to IgM on B cell –> endocytosed –> expressed on MHC-II to CD4 T cell –> cytokines produces that promote class switch to IgG and memory cells will develop

Question 13

toxoid

Answer 13

bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. Thus, when used during vaccination, an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness.

There are toxoids for prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and botulism

Question 14

live vaccines should be avoided by whom?

Answer 14

pregnant and immunocompromised

Question 15

for which type of vaccine is adjuvant necessary?

Answer 15

inactivated

Question 16

are inactived vaccines short or long term?

Answer 16

short

Question 17

what is the antibody response to a live vaccine?

Answer 17

IgG/IgA (if oral)

Question 18

what is the antibody response to inactivated vaccine?

Answer 18

IgG

Question 19

is the cell mediated immune response poor or good for Live vaccine?

Answer 19

good (poor for inactivated)

Question 20

is booster needed for live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

what are examples of Live attenuated vaccies?

Answer 21

Smallpox
Yellow fever
rotavirus
chickenpox (VZV)
Sabin polio
MMR - measles, mumps, rubella
Influenza (intranasal)

Question 22

hybrid vaccine

Answer 22

genetically engineered vaccine in which genes from infectious agents that cannot be attenuated are insterted into safe viruses

Question 23

what is the immune response to live vaccine?

Answer 23

Th1 and Th2 with development of cellular, humoral and memory immune responses. Also get effectie innate response. Response on a whole is very robust and long-lived.

Question 24

Examples of DNA vaccines

Answer 24

HIV

plasmodium falicparium

Question 25

MOA of DNA vaccine

Answer 25

naked DNA injected into muscle or skin of recipient where is uses host machinery to express antigenic protein. protein can exit cell where it can be recognized by B cells, APcs in MHC II to CD4 T cells or presented in MHC I to CD8 T lcells

Question 26

adjuvants

Answer 26

substance that enhances immunogenicity of antigens. stimulate APCs (dendritic)

i.e. Aluminum salts and calcium salts.

Tetanus needs aluminum salts to be immunogenic.

Pertussis alone can work as adjuvant. Pertusses serves as adjuvant for tetanus and diptheria in DPT.

Question 27

what is the purpose of conjugate vaccine?

Answer 27

T-dependent B lymphocyte response

Question 28

what is the nature of the conjugate in conjugate vaccines?

Answer 28

protein

Question 29

who is given conjugate vaccine?

Answer 29

infants (less than 18 months) and elderly