infection control Flashcards

1
Q

nosocomial

A

infection appears more than 48 hours after hospital admission or less than 48 hours after discharge

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2
Q

5 categories of nosocomial infection

A
  1. UTIs
  2. surgical site infections
  3. pneumonia
  4. blood stream infections
  5. GI infections (C. diff associated Diarrhea- CDAD)
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3
Q

interventions that breach barriers

A

1) Catheter associated UTI
2) surgeries
3) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP
4) central-line associated BSI (BLABSI)

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4
Q

5 strategies to reduce HAIs

A

1) hand hygiene
2) source control
3) isolation
4) cleaning/disinfection
5) antimicrobial stewardship

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5
Q

contact precautions

A

antibiotic resistant organisms

avian influenza

chickenpox (VZV)

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6
Q

Contact Precautions require

A

standard precautions PLUS:

  1. private room
  2. gloves, gown for entry and transport
  3. clean hands between tasks
  4. dedicated equipment
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7
Q

droplet precautions

A
  1. mycoplasma pneumoniae
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8
Q

droplet precautions require:

A

standard PLUS

  1. private room
  2. mask and eye proteciton within 3 ft
  3. mask patient if must leave room
  4. clean hands between tasks
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9
Q

airborne/aerosol precautions

A
  1. Avian influenza
  2. pulmonary TB
  3. Measles
  4. Chickenpox
  5. Smallpox
  6. SARS
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10
Q

airborne/aerosol precaution requirements:

A

standard PLUS

  1. negative pressure private close room with air exhausted through HEPA filter or outdoors
  2. Closed door
  3. Respirator Mask (n-95)– fitted mask, no leaks!!!
  4. mask patient out of room
  5. controlled entry to visitors/personnel
  6. notification
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11
Q

positive pressure

A

protection for NON-infectious, at risk patients (i.e. kidney transplant, burns)

Air pushed out of the room so no infectious agents from outside can get in.

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12
Q

Negative Pressure

A

for people with airborne precautions

provides source isolation for infectious patients. Air sucked into the room so infectious particles don’t leak out

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13
Q

ethylene oxide

A

gaseous sterilant– penetrates VERY well

very toxic, but very effective (you need 24 hours to de-gas after you’ve gassed)

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14
Q

plasma (hydrogen peroxide) gas

A

gas treated with EM –> free radicals and it is non-toxic (end up with oxygen and water)

non-toxic!

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15
Q

Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

A

irritant, smelly, carcinogenic– so we don’t like to use them

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16
Q

many disinfectants will not kill what?

17
Q

germicide refers to disinfectant or sterilization?

A

disinfection

18
Q

high-level disinfection

A
  • kills everything but high spore load, Mycobaterium
  • examples:
    1. Bleach (HYPOCHLORITE)
    2. lower level of chemical sterilant (i.e. ethylene oxide, plasma),
    3. less heat
    4. aldehydes [GLUTARALDEHYDE, FORMALDEHYDE]
    5. O2 based [HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, OZONE, PERACETIC ACID]
    6. halogens [POVIDONE IODINE, HYPOCHLORITE]
19
Q

intermediate-level disinfectant

A
  • iodophores
  • alcohols [ETHANOL, ISOPROPANOL]
  • phenolics [chloroxylenol, hexachlorophene]

will kill vegetative bacteria (non-spore), some viruses, some fungi

20
Q

low-level disinfection

A
  1. quaternary ammonium compound [BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE]
  2. triclosan
  • will kill vegetative bacteria, enveloped viruses or larger ones, and some fungi
21
Q

antiseptics are used to disinfect what? and what are 3 examples?

A

live tissue

1) alcohols [ ethanol, isopropanol] - intermediate
2) Chlorhexidine
3) iodophores - intermediate

22
Q

antiseptics cannot kill what?

23
Q

what antiseptic can kill mycobacterium?

24
Q

what process can kill coxiella?

A

pasteruization

25
ultrapasteurization can kill what?
spores (high temp, short time)
26
surfactant MOA
mechanical removal of microbes
27
spaulding scheme
let's us know how clean things need to be. Critical-- breach barriers i.e. scalpel (sterilization) semi-critical-- items contact broken skin or mucous membranes (sterilization or high-level) non-critical i.e . BP cuff-- skin contact only (mid or low level OK)
28
example of what needs to be sterilized
bacterial spores (bacillus atrophaeus) and coccidia (cryptosporidium)
29
examples of what needs high- level disinfectant
mycobaterium (M. TB, M. Terrae)
30
example of what needs intermediate-level disinfectant
nonlipid or small-sized viruses (i.e. Polio, coxsackie, noro) fungi (aspergillus, Candida)
31
examples of what requires low level disinfectant
vegetative bacteria (s. aureus, P. aerginosa) Lipid or medium-sized viruses (i.e. HIV, herpes, hep B)