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Mini II > infection control > Flashcards

infection control Flashcards

1
Q

nosocomial

A

infection appears more than 48 hours after hospital admission or less than 48 hours after discharge

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2
Q

5 categories of nosocomial infection

A
  1. UTIs
  2. surgical site infections
  3. pneumonia
  4. blood stream infections
  5. GI infections (C. diff associated Diarrhea- CDAD)
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3
Q

interventions that breach barriers

A

1) Catheter associated UTI
2) surgeries
3) ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP
4) central-line associated BSI (BLABSI)

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4
Q

5 strategies to reduce HAIs

A

1) hand hygiene
2) source control
3) isolation
4) cleaning/disinfection
5) antimicrobial stewardship

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5
Q

contact precautions

A

antibiotic resistant organisms

avian influenza

chickenpox (VZV)

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6
Q

Contact Precautions require

A

standard precautions PLUS:

  1. private room
  2. gloves, gown for entry and transport
  3. clean hands between tasks
  4. dedicated equipment
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7
Q

droplet precautions

A
  1. mycoplasma pneumoniae
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8
Q

droplet precautions require:

A

standard PLUS

  1. private room
  2. mask and eye proteciton within 3 ft
  3. mask patient if must leave room
  4. clean hands between tasks
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9
Q

airborne/aerosol precautions

A
  1. Avian influenza
  2. pulmonary TB
  3. Measles
  4. Chickenpox
  5. Smallpox
  6. SARS
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10
Q

airborne/aerosol precaution requirements:

A

standard PLUS

  1. negative pressure private close room with air exhausted through HEPA filter or outdoors
  2. Closed door
  3. Respirator Mask (n-95)– fitted mask, no leaks!!!
  4. mask patient out of room
  5. controlled entry to visitors/personnel
  6. notification
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11
Q

positive pressure

A

protection for NON-infectious, at risk patients (i.e. kidney transplant, burns)

Air pushed out of the room so no infectious agents from outside can get in.

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12
Q

Negative Pressure

A

for people with airborne precautions

provides source isolation for infectious patients. Air sucked into the room so infectious particles don’t leak out

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13
Q

ethylene oxide

A

gaseous sterilant– penetrates VERY well

very toxic, but very effective (you need 24 hours to de-gas after you’ve gassed)

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14
Q

plasma (hydrogen peroxide) gas

A

gas treated with EM –> free radicals and it is non-toxic (end up with oxygen and water)

non-toxic!

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15
Q

Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

A

irritant, smelly, carcinogenic– so we don’t like to use them

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16
Q

many disinfectants will not kill what?

A

spores

17
Q

germicide refers to disinfectant or sterilization?

A

disinfection

18
Q

high-level disinfection

A
  • kills everything but high spore load, Mycobaterium
  • examples:
    1. Bleach (HYPOCHLORITE)
    2. lower level of chemical sterilant (i.e. ethylene oxide, plasma),
    3. less heat
    4. aldehydes [GLUTARALDEHYDE, FORMALDEHYDE]
    5. O2 based [HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, OZONE, PERACETIC ACID]
    6. halogens [POVIDONE IODINE, HYPOCHLORITE]
19
Q

intermediate-level disinfectant

A
  • iodophores
  • alcohols [ETHANOL, ISOPROPANOL]
  • phenolics [chloroxylenol, hexachlorophene]

will kill vegetative bacteria (non-spore), some viruses, some fungi

20
Q

low-level disinfection

A
  1. quaternary ammonium compound [BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE]
  2. triclosan
  • will kill vegetative bacteria, enveloped viruses or larger ones, and some fungi
21
Q

antiseptics are used to disinfect what? and what are 3 examples?

A

live tissue

1) alcohols [ ethanol, isopropanol] - intermediate
2) Chlorhexidine
3) iodophores - intermediate

22
Q

antiseptics cannot kill what?

A

spores

23
Q

what antiseptic can kill mycobacterium?

A

betadine

24
Q

what process can kill coxiella?

A

pasteruization

25
Q

ultrapasteurization can kill what?

A

spores (high temp, short time)

26
Q

surfactant MOA

A

mechanical removal of microbes

27
Q

spaulding scheme

A

let’s us know how clean things need to be.

Critical– breach barriers i.e. scalpel (sterilization)

semi-critical– items contact broken skin or mucous membranes (sterilization or high-level)

non-critical i.e . BP cuff– skin contact only (mid or low level OK)

28
Q

example of what needs to be sterilized

A

bacterial spores (bacillus atrophaeus) and coccidia (cryptosporidium)

29
Q

examples of what needs high- level disinfectant

A

mycobaterium (M. TB, M. Terrae)

30
Q

example of what needs intermediate-level disinfectant

A

nonlipid or small-sized viruses (i.e. Polio, coxsackie, noro)

fungi (aspergillus, Candida)

31
Q

examples of what requires low level disinfectant

A

vegetative bacteria (s. aureus, P. aerginosa)

Lipid or medium-sized viruses (i.e. HIV, herpes, hep B)

Mini II (17 decks)

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