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Infection > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Immunisation?

A

The process of rendering a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease.
Can be naturally acquired or artificially induced as a result of vaccination

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2
Q

What is the definition of Vaccination?

A

Process of stimulating protective adaptive immunity against a microbe by exposure to its non pathogenic forms called vaccines

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3
Q

What is the definition of a vaccine?

A

A live attenuated or killed organisms or microbial components given for the prevention of infectious diseases
OR
Can be given as a therapy as a form of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following the exposure to a pathogen know to induce disease

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Active
Passive

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity and 2 types of passive immunity?

A

Natural
Artificial

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6
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

When natural infection leads to an immune response which produces memory cells granting long term protection

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7
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

When immunity is artificially stimulated via vaccination leading to the production of memory cells granting long term protection

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8
Q

What is active immunity?

A

when the host/patient stimulates their own immune response producing memory cells

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9
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are produced elsewhere and then transferred to the individual

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10
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity?

A

Antibodies transferred to baby via first breast milk feeding
Or through placenta in the 3rd trimester

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11
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are produced in another individual and given to the patient as a therapy

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12
Q

What is the key difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active = long term protection
Passive = short term protection

Memory cells not produced in passive immunity

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of vaccine?

A

Live vaccines

Inactivated pathogen/antigen

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14
Q

For live vaccines, the pathogen is attenuated.

What does attenuated mean?

A

The pathogen has been modified, it has retained its ability to grow and replicate but cant cause harm

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15
Q

What are 4 examples of Live attenuated Virus vaccines?

A

Influenza virus
MMR (Measels, Mumps, Rubella viruses)

Rotavirus
Varicella zoster virus

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16
Q

What is an example of a bacterial vaccination which is a Live attenuated vaccine?

A

BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) strain of Mycobacterium bovis
Which causes TB

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17
Q

What is meant by saying a virus is inactivated in a vaccine?

A

Whole microbe is present but its either killed or altered

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18
Q

What are 4 example of Inactivated viral vaccines?

A

Poliomyelitis virus
Hepatitis A virus
Influenza virus
Rabies virus

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19
Q

What are 2 diseases which are vaccinated against by giving an inactivated version of the toxin (toxoid)?

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus

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20
Q

What are a couple disease vaccinated against by using a conjugate or subunit of their protein?

A

Hepatitis B
Haemophilus Influenzae type B
Pneumonococcal
Meningococcal

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21
Q

What are the Advantages of Live vaccines (vs Inactivated vaccines)?

A

Single or fewer doses needed to stimulate immune response
Reproduce natural infection
Good level of protection

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22
Q

What are the main disadvantages of live vaccines?

A

Possibility of Reversion to virulent wild virus

Storage issues

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23
Q

What type of people should a live vaccine never be given to?

A

Immunocompromised patients

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24
Q

Why should live vaccines never be given to immunocompromised patients?

A

Possibility of the vaccines attenuated pathogen reverting to the virulent wild virus/pathogen

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25
Q

What are the advantages of Inactivated vaccines?

A

Safe
No mutation or reversion
Stable

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Multiple doses and boosters needed
Less effective than live
Variable efficacy
High CONC needed

27
Q

What are the 4 types of people that typically receive vaccines?

A

Babies over 8 weeks old
Teenagers (12,13,14 yo)
Elderly > 65 yo
Any age with certain underlying chronic diseases (asplenic for encapsulated bacteria)

28
Q

What are the 3 main ways vaccines are administered?

A

Oral vaccine

Nasal spray vaccine

Injectable vaccine

29
Q

What is an example of a vaccine given orally?

A

Rotavirus vaccine

30
Q

What disease does rotavirus cause?

Why is it given orally?

A

Gastroenteritis

Mimics the normal response to pathogen at the mucous membrane producing IgA

31
Q

What disease does rotavirus cause?

Why is it given orally?

A

Gastroenteritis

Mimics the normal response to pathogen at the mucous membrane producing IgA

32
Q

What is an example of a vaccine given via nasal spray?

A

Influenza

33
Q

Why are oral vaccines and nasal spray vaccines good for kids?

A

Don’t need to use needles which kids find scary

34
Q

What are the 3 types of areas that injectable vaccines are administered?

A

Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (SC)
Intra dermal (ID)

35
Q

What are the 2 anatomical locations which vaccines are administered?

Where in people above 1yo?
Where in infants under 1 yo?

A

Deltoid area = normally

Anterolateral aspect of thigh in infant less than 1

36
Q

How are intramuscular vaccines given?

A

At 90º angle to skin of deltoid

37
Q

What is an example of a vaccine give Subcutenously (SC)?

A

Measels

38
Q

What is an example of a vaccine given Intradermally (ID)?

A

BCG for TB

39
Q

When a vaccine is given, what also accompanies the vaccine?

A

Adjuvant

40
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A substance used in conjunction with the vaccine which enhances the bodies immune response to the vaccine

41
Q

What happens in the bodies immune response once the vaccine is in the body?

A

APC presents antigen via MHC molecules to T cells which stimulate either the cell mediated immunity or humoral immunity

42
Q

How does the humoral response get stimulated?

A

APC presents antigen to CD4+ T cell via MHC Class II
This T cell forms T helper cell which activates B cell
Memory B cells and lifelong plasma cells producing antibodies made

43
Q

What antibody will be produced upon repeat infection following immunisation?

A

IgG

44
Q

What is the goal of active immunisation?

A

Long lasting immune protection (Protective antibodies IgA and IgG, immunological memory)

Herd Immunity

45
Q

What is Herd immunity?

A

Indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when enough of a population is immune eitheri through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection

46
Q

Why is heard immunity important?

A

Controls infection which:
-reduces circulation of pathogen
-protects immunocompromised
-protects poor responders to vaccines

47
Q

What determines the % of a population which needs to be immune to a disease for heard immunity to be achieved?

A

How contagious the disease is
Determined by the R0 number

48
Q

If a disease has a high R0 number, how does this affect the % of a population that needs to be immune to achieve herd immunity?

A

Higher the R0 number = more infectious meaning more people need to be immune to prevent spread

49
Q

What age are the childhood immunisations given?

A

8 weeks up to 14yo

50
Q

What are 2 absolute contraindications to giving a vaccine?

A

Amy severe local or geernealised reaction to a previous dose of vaccine (called anaphylaxis)

Moderate and severe illness with a FEVER of > 38.5ºC

51
Q

What type of vaccines should never be given to infants born to mothers who received immunosuppressive biological therapy during pregnancy and pregnant women?

A

NEVER GIVE LIVE VACCINES

52
Q

When should you think twice about giving a vaccine?

A

If patient has allergies

53
Q

What vaccines cant be given if patient has an allergy to egg?

A

Influenza vaccine
Yellow fever vaccine

54
Q

What vaccines cant be given if patient has an allergy to gelatin?

A

MMR
Varicella
Shingles

55
Q

What vaccines cant be given if patient has an allergy to neomycin, streptomycin or polymyxin B?

A

Pertussis
Polio
Tetanus
Shingles
Varicella
MMR

56
Q

You should never give immunocompromised individuals live vaccines.
Who are considered immunocompromised?

A

Primary or secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency affecting cell immunity
Within 6 months of having chemo/radiotherapy
Bone marrow transplant
Have received high doses of immunosuppressive therapy in last 3 months for drugs or last 12months for monoclonal antibodies

57
Q

What adverse effects to vaccines are common?

A

Local reactions
Rashes
Fever
Headache

58
Q

What are very rare adverse effects of vaccines?

A

Anaphylaxis
Syncope

59
Q

What is syncope?

A

Fainting

60
Q

Can an individual receive the MMR vaccine when they have an egg allergy?

A

Yes

61
Q

Can a mother who is breast feeding or a baby being breast fed receive a vaccination?

A

Yes

62
Q

Can an individual who is underweight or past the age of vaccines recommended by schedule get a vaccine?

A

Yes

Infection (21 decks)

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