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Y1 - Infection > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Immunisation?

A

The process of rendering a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease.
Can be naturally acquired or artificially induced as a result of vaccination

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2
Q

What is the definition of Vaccination?

A

Process of stimulating protective adaptive immunity against a microbe by exposure to its non pathogenic forms called vaccines

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3
Q

What is the definition of a vaccine?

A

A live attenuated or killed organisms or microbial components given for the prevention of infectious diseases
OR
Can be given as a therapy as a form of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following the exposure to a pathogen know to induce disease

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Active
Passive

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity and 2 types of passive immunity?

A

Natural
Artificial

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6
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

When natural infection leads to an immune response which produces memory cells granting long term protection

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7
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

When immunity is artificially stimulated via vaccination leading to the production of memory cells granting long term protection

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8
Q

What is active immunity?

A

when the host/patient stimulates their own immune response producing memory cells

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9
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are produced elsewhere and then transferred to the individual

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10
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity?

A

Antibodies transferred to baby via first breast milk feeding
Or through placenta in the 3rd trimester

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11
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

When antibodies are produced in another individual and given to the patient as a therapy

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12
Q

What is the key difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active = long term protection
Passive = short term protection

Memory cells not produced in passive immunity

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of vaccine?

A

Live vaccines

Inactivated pathogen/antigen

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14
Q

For live vaccines, the pathogen is attenuated.

What does attenuated mean?

A

The pathogen has been modified, it has retained its ability to grow and replicate but cant cause harm

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15
Q

What are 4 examples of Live attenuated Virus vaccines?

A

Influenza virus
MMR (Measels, Mumps, Rubella viruses)

Rotavirus
Varicella zoster virus

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16
Q

What is an example of a bacterial vaccination which is a Live attenuated vaccine?

A

BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) strain of Mycobacterium bovis
Which causes TB

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17
Q

What is meant by saying a virus is inactivated in a vaccine?

A

Whole microbe is present but its either killed or altered

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18
Q

What are 4 example of Inactivated viral vaccines?

A

Poliomyelitis virus
Hepatitis A virus
Influenza virus
Rabies virus

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19
Q

What are 2 diseases which are vaccinated against by giving an inactivated version of the toxin (toxoid)?

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus

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20
Q

What are a couple disease vaccinated against by using a conjugate or subunit of their protein?

A

Hepatitis B
Haemophilus Influenzae type B
Pneumonococcal
Meningococcal

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21
Q

What are the Advantages of Live vaccines (vs Inactivated vaccines)?

A

Single or fewer doses needed to stimulate immune response
Reproduce natural infection
Good level of protection

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22
Q

What are the main disadvantages of live vaccines?

A

Possibility of Reversion to virulent wild virus

Storage issues

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23
Q

What type of people should a live vaccine never be given to?

A

Immunocompromised patients

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24
Q

Why should live vaccines never be given to immunocompromised patients?

A

Possibility of the vaccines attenuated pathogen reverting to the virulent wild virus/pathogen

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25
What are the advantages of Inactivated vaccines?
Safe No mutation or reversion Stable
26
What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?
Multiple doses and boosters needed Less effective than live Variable efficacy High CONC needed
27
What are the 4 types of people that typically receive vaccines?
Babies over 8 weeks old Teenagers (12,13,14 yo) Elderly > 65 yo Any age with certain underlying chronic diseases (asplenic for encapsulated bacteria)
28
What are the 3 main ways vaccines are administered?
Oral vaccine Nasal spray vaccine Injectable vaccine
29
What is an example of a vaccine given orally?
Rotavirus vaccine
30
What disease does rotavirus cause? Why is it given orally?
Gastroenteritis Mimics the normal response to pathogen at the mucous membrane producing IgA
31
What disease does rotavirus cause? Why is it given orally?
Gastroenteritis Mimics the normal response to pathogen at the mucous membrane producing IgA
32
What is an example of a vaccine given via nasal spray?
Influenza
33
Why are oral vaccines and nasal spray vaccines good for kids?
Don’t need to use needles which kids find scary
34
What are the 3 types of areas that injectable vaccines are administered?
Intramuscular (IM) Subcutaneous (SC) Intra dermal (ID)
35
What are the 2 anatomical locations which vaccines are administered? Where in people above 1yo? Where in infants under 1 yo?
Deltoid area = normally Anterolateral aspect of thigh in infant less than 1
36
How are intramuscular vaccines given?
At 90º angle to skin of deltoid
37
What is an example of a vaccine give Subcutenously (SC)?
Measels
38
What is an example of a vaccine given Intradermally (ID)?
BCG for TB
39
When a vaccine is given, what also accompanies the vaccine?
Adjuvant
40
What is an adjuvant?
A substance used in conjunction with the vaccine which enhances the bodies immune response to the vaccine
41
What happens in the bodies immune response once the vaccine is in the body?
APC presents antigen via MHC molecules to T cells which stimulate either the cell mediated immunity or humoral immunity
42
How does the humoral response get stimulated?
APC presents antigen to CD4+ T cell via MHC Class II This T cell forms T helper cell which activates B cell Memory B cells and lifelong plasma cells producing antibodies made
43
What antibody will be produced upon repeat infection following immunisation?
IgG
44
What is the goal of active immunisation?
Long lasting immune protection (Protective antibodies IgA and IgG, immunological memory) Herd Immunity
45
What is Herd immunity?
Indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when enough of a population is immune eitheri through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection
46
Why is heard immunity important?
Controls infection which: -reduces circulation of pathogen -protects immunocompromised -protects poor responders to vaccines
47
What determines the % of a population which needs to be immune to a disease for heard immunity to be achieved?
How contagious the disease is Determined by the R0 number
48
If a disease has a high R0 number, how does this affect the % of a population that needs to be immune to achieve herd immunity?
Higher the R0 number = more infectious meaning more people need to be immune to prevent spread
49
What age are the childhood immunisations given?
8 weeks up to 14yo
50
What are 2 absolute contraindications to giving a vaccine?
Amy severe local or geernealised reaction to a previous dose of vaccine (called anaphylaxis) Moderate and severe illness with a FEVER of > 38.5ºC
51
What type of vaccines should never be given to infants born to mothers who received immunosuppressive biological therapy during pregnancy and pregnant women?
NEVER GIVE LIVE VACCINES
52
When should you think twice about giving a vaccine?
If patient has allergies
53
What vaccines cant be given if patient has an allergy to egg?
Influenza vaccine Yellow fever vaccine
54
What vaccines cant be given if patient has an allergy to gelatin?
MMR Varicella Shingles
55
What vaccines cant be given if patient has an allergy to neomycin, streptomycin or polymyxin B?
Pertussis Polio Tetanus Shingles Varicella MMR
56
You should never give immunocompromised individuals live vaccines. Who are considered immunocompromised?
Primary or secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency affecting cell immunity Within 6 months of having chemo/radiotherapy Bone marrow transplant Have received high doses of immunosuppressive therapy in last 3 months for drugs or last 12months for monoclonal antibodies
57
What adverse effects to vaccines are common?
Local reactions Rashes Fever Headache
58
What are very rare adverse effects of vaccines?
Anaphylaxis Syncope
59
What is syncope?
Fainting
60
Can an individual receive the MMR vaccine when they have an egg allergy?
Yes
61
Can a mother who is breast feeding or a baby being breast fed receive a vaccination?
Yes
62
Can an individual who is underweight or past the age of vaccines recommended by schedule get a vaccine?
Yes

Y1 - Infection (21 decks)

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