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Y1 - Infection > Lecture 8 - Hepatitis (Blood Borne Diseases) > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Hepatitis (Blood Borne Diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hepatitis?

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

What are some systemic viruses that can cause liver damage?

A

EBV (Epstein barr virus Glandular fever)
CMV (Chicken pox)
VZV (Varicellar Zoster Virus chicken pox)

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3
Q

What are Hepatotropes and what does this mean?

A

Hepatitis viruses

They exclusively affect, target and replicate in hepatocytes

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4
Q

What are the hepatitis virus family?

A

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E

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5
Q

How to remember the hepatitis family of viruses?

A

Hep A A for Acute
Hep C C for Chronic
Hep B B for between A and C
Hep D D for Double trouble Cant have D withou B
Hep E E is like A

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6
Q

How is Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral route

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7
Q

Do you get symptoms with Hepatitis A and E?

A

Yes they are acute

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8
Q

How is Hepatitis C transmitted?

A

Blood MAINLY
(Very little through sex)

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9
Q

Does Hepatitis C cause symptoms?

A

No it is chronic

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10
Q

What do you die of if you get Hepatitis C?

A

Effects of :
-Liver cirrhosis
-hepatocellular carcinoma

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11
Q

How is Hepatitis B transmitted?

A

Blood
Sex
Vertical (mother to child)

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12
Q

With Hepatitis B you can get chronic illness or the illness can resolve itself, when are you likely to develop chronic illness and when is it likely to resolve?

A

Chronic = Infection as a child
Non chronic = infection as adult

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13
Q

How are both Hep B and Hep D transmitted?

A

Blood/sex/vertical

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14
Q

What is yellow tinging of the eyes called?

A

Jaundice

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15
Q

What tests are done when suspecting Hepatitis?

A

Bilirubin levels
Liver function Tests:
-Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
-Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

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16
Q

What is the actual function of the liver?

A

Filters out bad stuff (toxins and metabolites) from the blood into the bile duct

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17
Q

Why are bilirubin levels high in Hepatitis?

A

Hepatocytes get overwhelmed by the virus being damaged or dead
Bilirubin from broken down RBCs not removed from blood

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18
Q

Why are AST/ALT levels high in Hepatitis?

A

AST and ALT released from dead and damaged hepatocytes (damaged by virus)

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19
Q

What causes the jaundice in Hepatitis?

A

High levels of bilirubin due to poor removal by liver hepatocytes

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19
Q

What causes the jaundice in Hepatitis?

A

High levels of bilirubin due to poor removal by liver hepatocytes

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of ways jaundice can generally happen?

A

Intra-hepatic
Extra-hepatic

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21
Q

What is meant by a Intra-hepatic cause of jaundice?

A

Liver overwhelmed so bilirubin not efficiently removed

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22
Q

What is meant by an Extra-hepatic cause of jaundice?

A

Blockage of the bile duct

23
Q

What does High levels of ALT/AST indicate?

A

Hepatocyte damage

24
What does high levels of ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) indicate?
Bile duct cell damage (Cholestasis)
25
Why are albumin levels and tests of coagulation done if suspected hepatitis?
Albumin synthesised in live Clotting factors made in liver
26
What are the 3 main causes of high ALT?
Viral hepatitis Drugs/medications (paracetamol/excess alcohol) Blood clots
27
Why is Hep B the most common Hepatitis infection?
It requires the lowest viral load to establish infection
28
What is the most common method of transmission of Hep B?
Vertical transmission
29
If somebody has acute Hepatitis B what are the usual vague symptoms?
Jaundice Fatigue (is the pain of the liver) Abdominal pain Anorexia/nausea Arthralgia
30
What is arthralgia?
Pain in the joint
31
What does HBsAg stand for?
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
32
What does HBeAg stand for?
Hepatitis B e-antigen
33
What does HBsAb stand for?
Hepatitis B Surface Antibody
34
What does HBcAb stand for?
Hepatitis B Core antibody
35
What are the 2 types of HbcAb (Core antibody)?
IgM IgG
36
What is the role of IgM? (Core antibody)
Antibody that is first produced in response to acute Hepatitis
37
What is the role of IgG? (Core antibody)
Antibody that persists in the blood for life
38
In serology, what does a positive presence of surface antigen (HBsAg) indicate?
Hepatitis virus present
39
What does the positive presence of Core antibody (HbcAb) indicate?
Someone has had the infection at some point
40
What is the order of antibodies being released when infected by hepatitis?
Core antibody IgM Surface antibody Core antibody IgG
41
What is the role of the surface antibody?
Clears the remainder of the virus If not produced will get chronic hepatitis B infection
42
What is the definition of CHRONIC Hepatitis B infection?
Persistence of HbsAg after 6 months
43
At what point is Hepatitis not treatable?
Once the virus integrates its genetic material into the host genome
44
How is Hep B treated if it has not integrated into the host genome?
Life long Anti-virals to suppress viral replication
45
What are the principles for vaccinating against Hep B?
Genetically engineered surface antigen given to stimulate production of surface antibody
46
If somebody has a past cleared infection, what is there status of: Surface antigen (HbsAg)? Core antibody (HbcAb)? Surface antibody (HBsAb)?
HbsAg = Negative HbcAb = Positive for IgG HbsAb = Positive
47
If somebody has a chronic infection, what is there status of: Surface antigen (HbsAg)? Core antibody (HbcAb)? Surface antibody (HBsAb)?
HbsAg = Positive HbcAb = Positive for IgG HbsAb = Negative
48
If somebody has a never infected but vaccinated, what is there status of: Surface antigen (HbsAg)? Core antibody (HbcAb)? Surface antibody (HBsAb)?
HbsAg = Negative HbcAb = Negative HbsAb = Positive
49
Who is most at risk of Hepatitis C?
Intravenous drug users (Inject drugs)
50
How does someone with Hep C present?
Not normally any symptoms Until liver cirrhosis or hep to cellular carcinoma
51
If someone has symptoms from Hep C, what usually would they be?
Vague: -Fatigue -Anorexia -Nausea -Abdominal pain (RUQ)
52
How do you test for Hep C?
Serology (Anti-Hep C antibody only) Viral PCR
53
How can Hep C be cured?
Antiviral drug combo NO VACCINE THO
54
In the context of HIV, what is PEP?
Post exposure prophylaxis (Medication taken after exposure)
55
If a medical student accidentally pricks themselves with a needle they used to get blood from a patient who is HbsAg positive, what might they do?
Receive Hep B booster

Y1 - Infection (21 decks)

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