Lecture 20 - Review Flashcards
What type of strand is the 5’ (prime) to 3’ (prime) of DNA?
The coding + sense strand
What type of strand is the 3’ (prime) to 5’ (prime) of DNA?
Non coding template strand
-ve sense strand
Which strand is translated to mRNA?
3’ to 5’ strand converted to a mRNA strand +
What direction is a strand of nucleic acid read in?
From 5’ to 3’
What is a start codon?
AUG
What is the process of the influenza virus producing viral proteins and therefore replicating?
- sense RNA strand transcripted to a + sense RNA strand (mRNA) then translation occurs
Then the + sense ssRNA is converted back to the original - ssRNA
How does the replication of coronavirus differ to that of influenza?
It’s genetic material is + ssRNA so is already in the coding strand form so can be immediately transcripted into viral proteins without the need for changing it
Since it basically is the mRNA strand already
What enzyme is important in the replication of viral proteins/replicating of influenza and coronavirus?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
What are the 4 basic mechanisms of Antibiotic action against bacterial cells?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of Protein synthesis
Alterations of cell membranes function
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
What are some antibiotics that affect Cell Wall synthesis?
Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
Glycopeptides
What are some groups of antibiotics which affect protein synthesis?
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
What are some drugs that affect nucleic acid synthesis?
What do they target?
Quinolones (DNA gyrase)
Trimethoprim (folate synthesis)
Rifampicin (RNA polymerase)
What group of drugs affect cell membrane function?
What is an example?
Polymixins
Colistin
What are some Beta-lactams?
What do they do?
Penicillins:
-amoxicillin
-flucloxicillin
Cephalosporins
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
What antibiotics are commonly associated with Clostridium difficult infection?
Amoxicillin
Cephlasporins
Fluroquinolone
Clindamycin
What disease does Salmonella Typhi called?
Typhoid fever
What is an example of a Quinolone?
What is its function?
Fluroquinolone:
-ciprofloxacin
Inhibits DNA gyrase
What is an example of a cephalosporin?
What does it do?
Ceftriaxone
Its a Beta lactam so inhibits cell wall synthesis
How do you treat a patient with suspected sepsis?
3 in 3 out:
3 in:
-IV fluids
-O2
-Antibiotics
3 out:
-urine
-lactate
-blood cultures
What are the 2 types of isolation?
Source isolation:
-stops spreading disease
Protection isolation:
-protecting patient from environment
What type of isolation would be in place for a patient with febrile neutropenia?
Protection isolation
What are some examples off diseases that need to be identified to infection control?
TB
Measles
What are some innnate barriers to infection?
What is the purpose of innate barriers?
Skin
Mucous membranes
Prevent entry and or establishment on host
What is the purpose of the innate repsonse of immunity>?
Non specific responses producing rapid protection
What is the function f adaptive responses? (Cell mediated and humoral immunity)
Specific responses producing long lasting protection
What type of infections are injection drug users prone to?
HIV
HEP C
Endocarditis
What are the 2 major cells in the innate response?
Macrophage (in tissues)
Neutrophils (circulating)
What molecules are on the innate cells (macrophages and neutrophils) that recognise pathogens?
What molecules are on microbes that get recognised by innate cells?
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)on immune cells
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) on microbes
What type of T cells to Intracellular microbes get presented to by Antigen Presenting cells? What molecules are they presented by?
What type of T cells to Extracellular microbes get presented to by Antigen Presenting cells? What molecules are they presented by?
Intracellular = CD8+ T cells by MHC Class I
Extracellular = CD4+ T cells by MHC ClassII
What typ eof cell is needed for IgG antibodies to be produced by plasma cells?
T helper cells
What cells are raised in bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What substances are produced in the innate response?
What do the cells do?
Complement and cytokine production
Phagocytosis
What substances are produced in the adaptive response?
What cells are involved?
Antibodies (Humoral response)
B cells and T cells
What type of infections occur in peoples with an impaired immune system?
SPUR infections
Severe
Persistence
Unusual
Recurrent
What is an example of a phagocyte deficiency in the innate response imparting the immune system?
Chronic Granulomatous disease
What is the most common antibody deficiency that need treatment?
CVID
What are the PRRs that detect Gram positive bacteria?
What are the PRRs that detect Gram negative bacteria?
Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) = Gram Positive bacteria
Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) = Gram Negative bacteria
