Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 - Infection > Lecture 14 - Infection Prevention > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Infection Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

How can infections be spread?

A

From a non human source to humans
From person to person (directly or indirectly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of an environmental source of infection?

A

Legionella pneumophila

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of an infection from a food or water source?

A

Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Listeria (meningitidis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of an animal source of infection?

A

Rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of direct person to person infections?

A

Influenza
Norovirus
Neisseria gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of in-direct person to person infections?

A

Mosquitos infecting humans with Malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is endemic disease?

A

The usual background rate of disease that generally occurs in that area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

When 2 or more cases are linked in time and place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When the rate of an infection is greater than the usual background rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Pandemic?

A

When theres a very high rate of infection spreading across many regions, countries, continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Basic Reproductive number (R0)?R number

A

The average number of cases that one case generates over the course of its infectious period in an otherwise uninflected non immune population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens if the reproductive number (R0) = 1?
R0 = 1?

A

Stable number of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens if R0 > 1?

A

Increase in the number of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if R0 < 1?

A

Decrease in the number of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Legionella pneumophilla?

A

Gram negative bacteria
Lives in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is Legionella pneumophila spread?

A

Inhaled via droplets from the environment
Not spread from person to person, from contaminated water source

17
Q

What is faecal oral transmission?

A

Ingestion of faecal matter

18
Q

How is norovirus transmitted?

A

Faecal oral transmission
Possibly airborne too

19
Q

What are the 4Ps?

A

4 reasons for outbreaks:
Patient
Pathogen
Practice
Place

20
Q

How may Pathogen factors cause outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics?

A

Antigens
Virulence factors
Antibacterial resistance

21
Q

How may Patient factors cause outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics?

A

New hosts due to people not being immune

22
Q

How may Practice factors cause outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics?

A

New things people may do

23
Q

What determines transmissibility of an infection?

A

Infectious dose (num of microbes needed to cause infection)

24
Q

What determines infectious dose?

A

Microorganism
Immunity of the potential host

25
Q

Describe the usual shape of an epidemic curve and why its like this?

A

Bell shaped curve

Initially everybody is susceptible so number of people getting infected will keep increasing until a certain point
From here less people are susceptible so less and less people get infected until the population has near enough fully recovered

26
Q

What is meant be stochastic nature?

A

Random
Not a predictable

27
Q

What is the term used to describe the way that small scale outbreaks may occur?

A

Stochastic nature

28
Q

What can be done to prevent infection at the pathogen level?

A

Prevent the pathogen from entering a population

££

29
Q

What can be done at the patient level to prevent infection?

A

Improve general health of population
Immunity (vaccinate)

30
Q

What can be done at the practice level to prevent infection?

A

Behaviour changes
PPE

31
Q

What can be done at the place level to prevent infection?

A

Environmental engineering
Separating sewage areas from drinking water areas

32
Q

How can pathogens and vectors be reduced/eradicated?

A

Antibacterial
Decontamination
Sterilisation
Eliminate vector breeding sites

33
Q

How can we improve patients health?

A

Better nutrition
Better medical treatment

34
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Protection produced by most of the population being immune to a disease making person to person transmission very difficult
This protects the non immune

35
Q

What practice interventions can be done to prevent infection?

A

Avoid a place/vector so dont go there
Protective clothing
PPE
Safe sex
Good food and drink prep

36
Q

What place interventions (environmental engineering) things can be done to prevent infection?

A

Safe water
Safe air
Good quality housing
Well designed health care facilities

37
Q

What is good about controlling /preventing infections?

A

Decreased incidence or elimation of a disease/organism

38
Q

What is BAD about controlling /preventing infections?

A

Decreased exposure to pathogen
Decreased immune stimulus
Decreased frequency of antibody
More susceptible individuals
Can lead to outbreaks

Y1 - Infection (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions