Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basis for vaccination?

A

lymphocyte memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the lymphocyte memory/adaptive immune response that is the basis for vaccination (include primary and secondary exposure)

A
  1. the primary adaptive immune response is very delayed (10-14d). IgM is secreted first and then IgG
  2. the secondary exposure yields a response that is much faster (pathogen cleared in approx 3 days) and there is an immediate IgG peak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 types of immunization to prevent disease?

A
  1. active: vaccination

2. passive: antibody transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe passive immunization via antibody transfer

A

transfer of immunity from protected individual to susceptible individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of protection does passive immunization via antibody transfer offer? (2)

A
  1. immediate but

2. only temporary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is passive immunity gained from antibody transfer only temporary? how long last?

A

cells are not transferred, so more antibodies cannot be made once the transferred antibodies have circulated out of the body, lasts only 2-3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe active immunity gained from vaccination; give an added benefit as compared to passive immunity

A

administration of antigen so susceptible individual mounts their own immune response; will be able to clear antigen quickly upon a secondary exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what kind of protection does active immunity via vaccination offer? (2)

A
  1. delayed protection but

2. more longterm protection than antibody transfer; the exact time depends on the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give the process of antibody transfer

A
  1. administration of antigen to one individual so that individual produced antibodies
  2. collect plasma and purify antibodies
  3. Fc portion of antibodies cleaved off, leaving only Fab portion (called immune globulin) to prevent immune response to antibodies
  4. immune globulins are transferred to another individual for immediate protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what animals are often used to produce antibodies for antibody transfer and why?

A

horses; they are large so you can safely collect more blood to be transferred to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two major types of vaccines used in animals that work woth whole pathogens?

A
  1. killed

2. live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do killed vaccines work?

A

the pathogen is inactivated (killed) and administered to the animal so the animal produces its own immune response to the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what must be considered when working with killed vaccines?

A

must not drastically alter the pathogen in killing it, or will not elicit and effective immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do live vaccines work?

A

atteunate (modify) the pathogen but keep it alive and administer to animal to cause immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what must be considered when working with live vaccines?

A

you may get a more appropriate immune response if the pathogen is allowed to act normally in the body, but this vaccine type may also cause disease as the animal fights it off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are viruses usually attenuated for live vaccines?

A

they are cultured in cells of animals that they are not specifically pathogenic for, and then the mutated version is what will be administered in the vaccine

17
Q

what are the 6 kinds of vaccines that only work witha portion of the pathogen and are not as common in animals?

A
  1. toxoid vaccines
  2. subunit vaccines
  3. conjugate vaccines
  4. recombinant vector vaccines
  5. DNA vaccines
  6. mRNA vaccines
18
Q

what are toxoid vaccines used against?

A

used against pathogens that produce toxins

19
Q

what is a toxoid?

A

inactivated toxin that is administered to animals to elicit an immune response

20
Q

give example of toxoid vaccine

A

tetanus vaccine

21
Q

how do subunit vaccines work?

A

an antigen is isolated from a virus (often an adhesion molecules) and that antigen is used in the vaccine to produce memory cells and antibodies against that PART of the virus

22
Q

what is a benefit of subunit vaccines?

A

they are very safe and do not cause infection

23
Q

how do conjugate vaccines work?

A

2 antigens from the same pathogen (one weak and one strong) are combined and administered in order to produce more memory cells)

24
Q

how do recombinant vector vaccines work?

A

they use harmless bacteria or an attenuated virus to express pathogenic antigen, basically a gene from a bad pathogen is incorporated into a les bad pathogen that won’t cause as much damage

25
Q

give an example of a recombinant vector vaccine

A

Johnson and Johnson COVID vaccine

26
Q

how do DNA vaccines work?

A

isolate a gene from a pathogen and inject it into a plasmid, then inject the plasmid into an animal to elicit a response

27
Q

how do mRNA vaccines work?

A

basically the same as DNA vaccines with the plasmid, only since mRNA is injected instead of DNA, host cells only have to translate the mRNA into proteins instread of transcribing and translating

28
Q

what are adjuvants?

A

additives that maximize the effectiveness of vaccines

29
Q

what are the 3 groups of adjuvants

A
  1. depot adjuvants
  2. particulate adjuvants
  3. immunstimulatory adjuvants
30
Q

what are depot adjuvants?

A

protect antigen from rapid degradation and prolong theimmune response, allowing for B and T cell activation and memory development

31
Q

what are particulate adjuvants?

A

effectively deliver antigen to APCs

32
Q

what are immunostimulatory adjuvants?

A

molecules that enhance cytokine production and direct the immune response to different helper T cell responses

33
Q

how are adjuvants often used?

A

in combination with each other for more or specific effects; usually a depot or particulate with an immunostimulatory

34
Q

give the 4 most common routes of delivery of vaccines

A
  1. intramuscular
  2. subcutaneous
  3. oral
  4. intranasal
35
Q

give 5 less common routes of delivery for vaccines

A
  1. intraocular
  2. intraperitoneal
  3. intrathecal
  4. intracranial
  5. immersion
36
Q

how is vaccine efficacy measure?

A

as the preventable fraction

37
Q

give the formula for preventable fraction for a vaccine

A

(% unvaxxed that contract disease - % vaxxed that contract the diease) divided by % unvaxxed that contract the diease

38
Q

when is a vaccine considered effective?

A

when the preventable fraction is at least 80%

39
Q

what is the whole goasl of vaccination?

A

to establish herd immunity

Immunology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions