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Immunology > Components of the Immune System > Flashcards

Components of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

where do all immune cells come from?

A

hematopoeitic stem cells

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2
Q

what do hematopoeitic stem cells do?

A

differentiate into myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells

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3
Q

what do myeloid progenitor cells become? (5)

A
  1. granulocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. macrophages
  4. platelets
  5. erythrocytes
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4
Q

what do lymphoid progenitor cells become? (3)

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. dendritic cells
  3. natural killer cells
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5
Q

what do granulocytes contain?

A

cytoplasmic granules

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6
Q

what happens to granulocytes when they come into contact with antigen?

A

the contents of their cytoplasmic granules are released and will perform different functions based on cell type

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7
Q

what are the 4 granulocytes? which of those 4 is NOT a white blood cell?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. mast cells- NOT white blood cells
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8
Q

where are neutrophils found?

A

circulate in bloodstream for a short period of time (less than 10 hours) and then migrate into tissues, where they live up to 10 days and then die

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9
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A
  1. perform phagocytosis of antigen

2. secrete contents of granules which will attract other immune cells to site of infection

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10
Q

what is the most abundant of white blood cells, making up over 50% of circulating WBCs?

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

why are neutrophils the first responders in an infection?

A

they are already in the tissues at time of infection

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12
Q

do birds have neutrophils? if no, what do they have instead?

A

not neutrophils; have heterophils which are the same as neutrophils; just stain differently

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13
Q

what are eosinophils specialized for?

A

to fight of multi-cellular parasites

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14
Q

what is the function of eosinophils?

A

release cytoplasmic granules in response to multicellular parasites (like worms)

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15
Q

how do eosinophils begin their function?

A

they bind to PAMPs on worms to recognize antigen and then release granules to kill

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16
Q

are eosinophils common?

A

no; they only make up 2-4% of circulating WBCs

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17
Q

how do basophils work?

A

by binding to antigen-antibody complexes and releasing granules

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18
Q

what do basophils have receptors for?

A

antibodies

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19
Q

what is the major protein in the granules of basophils?

A

histamine

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20
Q

what does histamine from basophils do? (basophil function)

A
  1. makes blood vessel walls more permeable to allow recruitment of more immune cells to site of infection
  2. combat parasitic infections
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21
Q

what is the least common WBC, making up less than 1% of circulating WBCs?

A

basophils

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22
Q

what are basophils characterized by on a slide?

A

purple-staining granules

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23
Q

what is a side effect of histamine release?

A

allergy symptoms

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24
Q

what is the function of Mast Cells? (they’re copycats)

A

bind to antigen-antibody complexes and release histamine from cytoplasmic granules (copying basophils); also involved with parasitic infections

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25
Q

where are mast cells found?

A

in tissues! not circulation bc they are not a WBC!!

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26
Q

what are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

cells of innate immune response that bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immune response and activate T lymphocytes

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27
Q

are monocytes themselves APCs?

A

no; they mature into APCs

28
Q

where are monocytes found?

A

travel in the bloodstream and then migrate into tissues to mature into macrophages

29
Q

what do monocytes mature into? do they do much for immunity as monocytes?

A

macrophages; no

30
Q

what are the 2 functions of macrophages?

A
  1. perform phagocytosis

2. process antigen and present it on cell surface (becoming APCs)

31
Q

how do macrophages perform their function?

A

by binding to antibody-antigen complexes, enhancing phagocytosis

32
Q

what is opsonization?

A

tagging an antigen for further elimination

33
Q

what do antibodies serve as?

A

opsonins that mark antigen for immune cells

34
Q

what are the 2 types of macrophages?

A
  1. tissue-specific macrophages

2. inflammatory macropages

35
Q

what are tissue-specific macrophages?

A

long-term residents in tissues throughout the body that are NOT derived from monocytes

36
Q

give 3 examples of tissue-specific macrophages

A
  1. osteoclasts
  2. microglia
  3. Kupffer cells
37
Q

what are inflammatory macrophages?

A

derived from monocytes, enter tissue in response to infection

38
Q

what are the 2 APCs?

A
  1. macrophages

2. dendritic cells

39
Q

what are the 3 functions of dendritic cells?

A
  1. perform phagocytosis
  2. receptor-mediated endocytosis and pinocytosis
  3. process antigen and present on cell surface (becoming APCs)
40
Q

where are dendritic cells found?

A

in tissues, NOT the bloodstream

41
Q

what are the 3 major types of agranulocytes in the immune system?

A
  1. helper T cells
  2. cytotoxic T cells
  3. B lymphocytes
42
Q

how are lymphocytes distinguished since they all look the same?

A

based on the proteins expressed on the cell surface

43
Q

how are the surface proteins of lymphocytes named?

A

based on cluster of differentiation (CD) nomenclature

44
Q

what is the CD nomenclature of helper T cells and what is their function?

A
  1. CD4+

2. activate other immune cells

45
Q

what is the CD nomenclature of cytotoxic T cells and what is their function?

A
  1. CD8+

2. kill virally-infected cells

46
Q

what do ALL T cells have? what is the function and result of that function?

A

a T Cell Receptor (TCR) that recognize antigen; are antigen specific and their binding action to antigen leads to clonal selection

47
Q

what surface protein to B cells have?

A

B Cell Receptor (BCR)

48
Q

what is BCR? function and result of that function?

A

B cell receptor; a non-soluble antibody attached to B cell surface that is antigen specific and its binding action to antigen results in clonal selection

49
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

activated B cells!

50
Q

do plasma cells have BCRs?

A

nope

51
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

secrete antibody that binds antigen for opsonization

52
Q

are NK cells antigen specific?

A

nope; they are part of innate immunity

53
Q

what do NK cells do?

A

attack and kill abnormal cells

54
Q

what super cool thing can NK cells do that mimics adaptive immunity?

A

they can bind free antibody and coat themselves in pathogen-specific antibody so that when that antibody binds antigen, NK cells release cytotoxic material to kill the pathogen

55
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs?

A

locations where immune cells develop and mature

56
Q

what are the 3 primary lymphoid organs and what happens in each?

A
  1. Bone Marrow: B lymphocyte development in mammals
  2. Bursa of Fabricius: B lymphocyte development in BIRDS
  3. Thymus: T cell development in all animals
57
Q

where is the Bursa of Fabricius located?

A

right off the cloaca

58
Q

what happens to the Bursa of Fabricius after 6 months of age and what does this mean for birds?

A

it begins regressing so eventually birds have no way to replenish B lymphocyte supply

59
Q

what are seconday lymphoid organs?

A

locations where the adaptive (lymphocyte) immune response is initiated

60
Q

where is the innate immune response always inititated?

A

at the site of infection

61
Q

what are the 3 secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
62
Q

what happens in lymph nodes?

A

lymphocytes encounter antigen from local tissues

63
Q

what happensin the spleen?

A

lymphocytes encounter antigen from the bloodstream

64
Q

what happens in the MALTs?

A

activation of immune response at site of antigen entry

65
Q

give 4 MALTs and their locations

A
  1. GALT: gastrointestinal
  2. NALT: nasal
  3. BALT: bronchi
  4. SALT: skin
66
Q

what are tertiary lymphoid organs?

A

the site of infection; lymphocytes travel to this area to fight off infection

Immunology (13 decks)

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