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Immunology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

are cytokines involved in a specific aspect of the immune response?

A

nope; involved throughout entire thing

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2
Q

what are cytokines?

A

chemical messengers that allow for communication between cells of the immune system

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3
Q

what are cytokines secreted by? what is their general function

A

secreted by cells; have multiple targets and cause different responses

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4
Q

what are the 2 major kinds of cytokines?

A
  1. interleukins

2. chemokines

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5
Q

what do interleukins (IL) do?

A

communicate between WBCs

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6
Q

what do chemokines do?

A

attract cells to the site of infection

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of signalline that cytokines can utilize?

A
  1. endocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. autocrine
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8
Q

describe endocrine cytokine signaling

A

cytokine is released into bloodstream to travel to target (long distance like fever); is the least common signaling method

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9
Q

describe paracrine cytokine signaling

A

cytokine will act locally; most common method

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10
Q

describe autocrine cytokine signaling

A

cytokine will act on the CELL that secreted it

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11
Q

do all cytokines utulize only one method of signaling?

A

nope; can utilize multiple routes

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12
Q

what are the 4 steps of cytokine signaling?

A
  1. stimulus that causes release of a cytokine
  2. travels to targetcells where it binds to receptor
  3. results in activation of intracellular signaling pathway
  4. results in biological effect
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13
Q

what do cytokines NEED to work on target cells?

A

a receptor

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14
Q

describe the effects of cytokines

A

every cytokine has its own specific effect on its target

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15
Q

what are the 5 cytokine attributes?

A
  1. pleiotropy
  2. redundancy
  3. synergy
  4. antagonism
  5. cascade induction
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16
Q

describe the pleiotropy attribute of cytokines

A

a single cytokine can induce different biological effects depending on the target cell

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17
Q

describe the redundancy attribute of cytokines

A

two or more cytokines can mediate similar functions

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18
Q

describe the synergy attribute of cytokines

A

the combined effect of two cytokines is greater than the additive effect of individual cytokines; must be secreted together in order to occur

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19
Q

describe the antagonism attribute of cytokines

A

the effects of one cytokine can inhibit the effects of another; can turn the immune response on and off; regulation

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20
Q

describe the cascade induction attribute of cytokines

A

the action of one cytokine on a target cells causes the target cell to produce one or more additioal cytokines; keeps immune response going or shuts it off; more regulation

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21
Q

what are the 6 major cytokine families?

A
  1. IL-1 family
  2. Class I (Hematopoeitin) family
  3. Class 2 (Interferon) family
  4. Tumor Necrosis Factor family
  5. IL-17 family
  6. Chemokines
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22
Q

what is the IL-1 family of cytokines secreted by?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

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23
Q

what are the 2 functions of the IL-1 cytokine famiky?

A
  1. proinflammatory

2. systemic effects

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24
Q

describe the proinflammatory function of IL-1 cytokine family

A

promotes inflammation by increasing permeability of capillary walls at site of infection to allow leukocytes to migrate to site of infection

25
Q

give an example of the systemic effects function of IL-1 cytokines (hint: what do they serve as?)

A

IL-1 cytokines are pyrogens, so they are responsible for fever; they work in an endcorine manner for this, traveling through the bloodstream to the brain to tell it to increase body temp

26
Q

what was the first family of cytokines discovered?

A

Class I (Hmeatopoeitin) family

27
Q

what are the Class I (Hematopoeitin) family of cytokines secreted by?

A

a diversse set of cells

28
Q

what are the 2(ish) functions of the Class I (Hematopoeitin) family of cytokines?

A
  1. Hematopoeitic
  2. diverse functions: like stimulation of T cell proliferation and stimulation of differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
29
Q

what is hematopoeisis?

A

formation of blood cells

30
Q

what are the 3 types of Class 2 (Interferon) cytokines?

A
  1. Type I: IFNA and IFNB
  2. Type II: IFN gamma
  3. Type III: IFN lambda
31
Q

what are Type I IFNs (from the Class 2 IFN family) secreted by?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

32
Q

what is the function of Type I IFNs (from Class 2 IFN family)?

A

prevent viraally infected cells from replicating

33
Q

what are Type II IFNs (from Class 2 IFN family) secreted by?

A

produced by T cells and NK cells

34
Q

what is the function of Type II IFNs (from Class 2 IFN family)?

A

induce macrophage activation so phagocytosis can occur more readily

35
Q

what are Type III IFNs (from Class 2 IFN family) secreted by?

A

dendritic cells

36
Q

what is the function of Type III IFNs (from Class 2 IFN family)?

A

upregulate expresion of genes that control viral replication

37
Q

what is the function that ALL IFNs perform?

A

increase expression of MHC complex proteins

38
Q

where is MHC I found?

A

on all nucleated cells

39
Q

where is MHC II found?

A

only on dendritic cells and macrophages

40
Q

what does the presence of MHC do to dendritic cell and macrophage classification?

A

classifies them as “professional antigen presenting cells” ooooooh

41
Q

how to TCRs relate to MHC complexes?

A

T cell receptors bind to antigen that is bound to the MHC complexes

42
Q

what kind of MHC do cytotoxic T cells recognize?

A

MHC I

43
Q

what kind of MHC do helper T cells recognize?

A

MHC II

44
Q

what does MHC I serve as for all cells?

A

serves as a way for ANY cell to mark itself as infected

45
Q

how do lymphocytes related to MHCs?

A

lymphocytes are constantly browsing all healthy cells, and MHCs serve as a traffic stop/breathalyzer to alert lymphocytes to a problem

46
Q

what are the 2 kinds of cytokines in the Tumor Necrosis Factor family? describe

A
  1. soluble: secreted by cell

2. membrane-bound: expressed on cell

47
Q

what are the 2 soluble TNF famoly cytokines?

A
  1. TNF alpha

2. TNF beta

48
Q

what is TNF alpha secreted by?

A

macrophages

49
Q

what is the function of TNF alpha?

A

proinflammatory

50
Q

what is TNF beta secreted by?

A

lymphocytes

51
Q

what is the function of TNF beta?

A

increases MHC expression (similar to IFNs)

52
Q

what is the function of membrane-bound TNF family cytokines?

A

regulate lymphocyte function

53
Q

list 5 membrane-bound TNF family cytokines

A
  1. lymphotoxin-Beta
  2. BAFF
  3. APRIL
  4. CD40L
  5. FasL
54
Q

what is the most recently discovered cytokine family?

A

IL-17

55
Q

what are IL-17 cytokines produced by?

A

TH17 cells; a subset of helper T cells

56
Q

what is the function of IL-17 cytokines?

A

proinflammatory

57
Q

what is the function of the chemokine family of cytokines?

A

chemotaxis

58
Q

define chemotaxis

A

soluble factor-directed (chemokine) cell movement; attract cells to site of infection

Immunology (13 decks)

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