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Immunology > Intro to Immunology and the Immune System > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology and the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

define immunity

A

state of protection from infectious disease

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2
Q

define vaccination

A

administration of an attenuated (altered/weakened) strain of a pathogen to provide immunity to a disease

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3
Q

describe herd immunity

A

the decrease of the number of individuals in a population that are susceptible to a disease that decreases the chances that a susceptible individual becomes infected; the fewer that can harbor a disease, the smaller the chances of it being passed on

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4
Q

what are immunoglobulins also called?

A

antibodies

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5
Q

where are immunoglobulins found?

A

in the body humors, or fluids

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6
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

the branch of the immune system found in the body humors

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7
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

the transfer of immunity from one individual to another, or antibody transfer

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8
Q

how long does passive immunity last? why?

A

generally short-lived because there is no transfer of the cells that produce the antibodies, just transfer of the actual antibodies

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9
Q

what is active immunity

A

the production of one’s own immuntiy

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10
Q

how is active immunity accomplished? (2)

A
  1. vaccination

2. contracting the pathogen

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11
Q

how long does active immunity last? why?

A

it is long term because the cells that encountered the pathogen are still present and can continue to protect

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12
Q

what was the first immune cell discovered and in where?

A

lymphocytes; wer discovered the chicken

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13
Q

what are T cells and B cells named that way?

A

for where they were discovered in the chicken
T cells discovered in the Thymus
B cells discovered in the Bursa of Fabricious, in Bone marrow everywhere else

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14
Q

what is cell mediated immediated immunity?

A

branch of the immune system where cells eliminate the pathogen

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15
Q

what are the 2 branches of the immune system?

A

humoral and cell mediated immunity

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16
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any substance that elicits a specific response by B and T lymphocytes, or anything the body sees that shouldn’t be there

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of antigens?

A
  1. pathogenic

2. non-pathogenic

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18
Q

what do pathogenic antigens do?

A

cause disease

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19
Q

what do nonpathogenic antigens do?

A

don’t cause disease, can cause other things like allergies

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20
Q

what can all cell-surface proteins do?

A

serve as antigens if they’re not in their normal place

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21
Q

can one lymphocyte react to multiple antigens?

A

no; lymphocytes only express specific receptors for one specific antigen

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22
Q

what is clonal selection?

A

when the binding of an antigen by a lymphocyte results in proliferation of the lymphocyte to produce many exact copies

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23
Q

what comes after cloncal selection?

A

production of B cells that produce antibodies specific to the one antigen

24
Q

what MUST happen in order for an immune response to occur?

A

the proper lymphocte must come into contact with the proper antigen

25
Q

what are pathogens? give 4 examples

A

organisms that cause disease

  1. viruses
  2. bacteria
  3. fungi
  4. parasites
26
Q

in what 3 ways does recognition of a pathogen occur?

A
  1. PAMPs and PRRs
  2. lymphocyte diversity
  3. tolerance
27
Q

what are PAMPs?

A

pathogen-associated molecular proteins; common foreign structures that characterize a whole group of pathogens

28
Q

give an example of a PAMP

A

gram negative lipopolysaccharide; not found in birds or mammals so recognized as other and bad

29
Q

what are PRRs?

A

pattern recognition receptors

30
Q

where are PRRs found?

A

found on immune cells

31
Q

what do PRRs do?

A

recognize PAMPs and lead to an immune event cascade

32
Q

describe lymphocyte diversity

A

population of B and T cells where each cell has many copies of receptors that are unique to one particular antigen

33
Q

how is lymphocyte diversity determined? is it genetic?

A

determined before pathogen contact and is NOT genetic

34
Q

describe tolerance in pathogen recognition

A

discrimination between self vs. nonself antigens; destruction of cells that are reactive to self-antigen

35
Q

what are the 3 components of the innate immune system?

A
  1. physical and chemical barriers
  2. PRRs
  3. complement
36
Q

what is the innate immune system?

A

the part of the immune system that animals are equipped with from birth

37
Q

describe how the innate immune system functions (speed and specificity) and why

A

fast and nonspecific; does not recognize specific antigens, just commonalities amongst pathogens

38
Q

give 2 examples of physical barriers in the innate immune system

A

skin, mucus MEMBRANES

39
Q

give 2 examples of chemical barriers in the innate immune system

A

the mucus itself, secretions like HCl in stomach

40
Q

is the innate immune system effective?

A

yep, can neutralize a lot of pathogens and often works to prevent the adaptive immune system from needing to activate

41
Q

describe the adaptive immune system

A

learned immunity that is enhanced and adapts after encountering a specific antigen

42
Q

describe how the adaptive immune system works (speed and specificity) and why

A

is HIGHLY specific and forms memory, but response is delayed 5-7 days because need to make the cells for it

43
Q

in order to be effective, where should the immune system components be located? what need does this location then require?

A

spread throughout the body; need a way to communicate

44
Q

what are the 2 forms of communication in the immune system?

A
  1. cell to cell contact

2. chemical messengers

45
Q

when does cell to cell contact work as a method of communication in the immune system?

A

only if the cells are in close proximity to each other

46
Q

what do the chemical messengers of the immune system allow?

A

communication across long distances

47
Q

who are the 2 chemical messengers of the immune system?

A
  1. cytokines

2. chemokines

48
Q

what are cytokines?

A

the hormones of the immune system, the chemical messengers

49
Q

what are chemokines?

A

a type of cytokine that attracts other cells to the site of an infection

50
Q

what is the basis of memory in adaptive immunity?

A

primary, secondary, and following exposures

51
Q

describe the primary response of the immune system

what does it result in? how long does it take?

A

the first encounter with an antigenl results in clonal selection of effector cells and memory cells and takes 5-7 days

52
Q

what are effector cells?

A

fight infection, produced in large quantities in the primary response

53
Q

what are memory cells?

A

stick around for later exposure after the primary response, where they are produced in small numbers

54
Q

describe the secondary response

what does it eliminate? how does the host feel?

A

subsequent encounter with the same pathogen; eliminates the 5-7 day delay due to already made memory cells; usually clears antigen without host feeling symptoms

55
Q

how long do memory cells usually last?

A

very pathogen specific, broad range

56
Q

what is the basis for vaccination?

A

use of memory cells; vaccine is primary reponse and real world exposure is the secondary response

Immunology (13 decks)

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