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Immunology > Vaccine Immunology > Flashcards

Vaccine Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Goal of vaccines

A

Stimulate an immune response in an animal in order to provide protection against infectious disease

  • prevent disease
  • decrease disease severity/frequency
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2
Q

Vaccines stimulate/mimic ______

A

Adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What type of immunity is important for virus immunity?

A

Humoral immunity

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4
Q

Vaccine targets

A

Extracellular pathogens
- targeted by humoral immunity (affected by B cells)
Intracellular pathogens
- targeted by cell-mediated immune response (affected by T cells)
Biological toxins
- antibodies mark toxin for destruction

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5
Q

Characteristics of the perfect vaccine

A
  • safe
  • protective
  • provides long-lasting effects
  • induces formation of protective antibodies
  • induces formation of protective T cells
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6
Q

Passive immunization

A

Transfer of ready-made antibodies to an individual

  • provides immediate humoral protection
  • does not induce an immune response from host (no memory)
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7
Q

Passive clinical examples

A
  • rabies post-exposure prophylaxis
  • tetanus
  • antivenin
  • plasma transfusions
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8
Q

Passive immunization via transfer of maternal antibodies

A

Passive transfer of maternal antibody through placenta
Ingestion of colostrum via initial suckling
- GIT has maximal permeability to proteins from 0-4 hrs, closes by approx 24 hrs

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9
Q

Pro of maternal antibodies

A

Provides immediate protection of the neonate against pathogens and lasts for 6-16 weeks of age

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10
Q

Con of maternal antibodies

A

Interferes with vaccination of neonate via binding of maternal antibody to the antigen in the vaccine (neutralizaiton)
- aka immunity gap

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11
Q

Passive immunization strategy

A

Administer multiple, sequential vaccines to puppies and kittens until at least 16 weeks of age

  • 1st vaccine: initial response takes 10-14 days with max response at 3 weeks
  • 2nd vaccine: leads to immunological memory
  • 3rd and 4th vaccine: stronger and more rapid memory
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12
Q

Immunity gap

A

Maternal antibody can interfere with vaccination even when level of antibodies is not sufficient to protect against pathogens

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13
Q

Killed vaccines

A

Organism is completely inactivated

- may require adjuvant to stimulate immune system

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14
Q

Modified-live vaccines

A

Organism is modified to a less virulent state (attenuated)

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15
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

Introduce genes into an attenuated vector organism

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16
Q

Gene deletion

A

Method of attenuation to change virulence

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17
Q

Purified subunit

A

Genes from pathogen inserted into non-pathogenic bacteria, which then produce the protein that can be harvested and used as a vaccine

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18
Q

Vectored

A

Incorporates immunogenic genomic regions from pathogen into attenuated nonpathogenic virus

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19
Q

DNA vaccines

A

Insert pathogen DNA into a plasmid and inject into patient

- DNA is then transcribed and translated in the patient to proteins that prime immune system

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20
Q

Pros of modified live vaccines

A
  • rapid and prolonged protection
  • stimulates CMI and long-lived humoral immune response
  • reduced allergenicity
  • stimulates secretory antibody
  • lower antigen mass needed
  • single dose effectiveness
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21
Q

Cons of modified live vaccines

A
  • no preservatives for storage
  • requires multiplication in host
  • susceptible to inactivation
  • risk of reversion to virulence
  • can produce vaccine-induced illness in immuosuppressed hosts
  • vaccinates can shed into environment
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22
Q

Pros of killed vaccines

A
  • no reversion to virulence
  • stability in storage
  • increased immunity with added adjuvants
  • safe in immunosuppressed animals
  • vaccinates do not shed organisms
23
Q

Cons of killed vaccines

A
  • stimulates humoral immunity
  • minimum of 2 doses needed for protection
  • increased risk of allergic complications
  • shorter duration of immunity
  • adjuvants frequently required
  • Ag may not induce proper Ab if too denatured
24
Q

Adjuvants

A

Substances that enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines

  • stimulate cell-mediated immunity
  • used with killed organisms or purified antigens
  • attempts to increase duration and amount of immunostimulation equal to MLVs
  • produces heightened inflammatory reaction
25
Q

Vaccine associated sarcomas in cats

A

Underlying theme of sarcoma development = inflammation

  • caused by any injection
  • cold vaccines
26
Q

Vaccine recommendations in cats

A
  • inform O of risks and carefully recommend vaccines

- use minimally inflammatory products

27
Q

Appropriate vaccination sites

A

Rabies: low on the lateral right hindlimb (below stifle)
FeLV: low on the lateral left hindlimb (below stifle)
FPV/FHV-1/FCV: lateral aspect of right forelimb below elbow

28
Q

Core vaccines

A
  • infection has high risk of morbidity and mortality
  • infections are of public health concern
  • infections are readily transmitted
  • infections are ubiquitous in environment
    Use when: safe, efficacious vaccines are available, and vaccines prevent infection or decrease clinical signs
29
Q

DA2P (parvo)

A 
Parvovirus (CORE vaccine)
Highly contagious and usually fatal if untreated
- fecal oral route
- survive in environment > 1 year
- attacks rapidly dividing cells
30
Q

DA2P (distemper)

A

Highly contagious, can be fatal

  • causes multisystemic disease in unvaccinated animals (respiratory, neurologic, GI)
  • transmitted thru all bodily secretions, most commonly aerosol or droplet exposure
31
Q

DA2P (canine adenovirus type-1)

A

Infectious canine hepatitis

  • potentially fatal, but almost eradicated
  • liver, kidneys, and eye targeted
  • vaccinate with type-2 (A2) which usually causes respiratory signs)
  • vaccination with CAV-1 led to blue eye
32
Q

Rabies

A

Core vaccine

  • can infect any mammalian species thru saliva
  • low morbidity, 100% mortality if symptomatic
  • zoonotic
  • vaccine mandatory by law
33
Q

Canine non-core vaccines

A
  • vaccine may have limited efficacy
  • disease not readily transmitted
  • limited geographic distribution or prevalence
  • disease is mild
  • vaccines may interfere with diagnostic screening
34
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Non-core

  • bacterial pathogen causing acute hepatic and renal disease
  • transmitted thru urine
35
Q

Bordetella

A

Non-core

  • bacterial pathogen causing infectious tracheobronchitis along with canine parainfluenza
  • transmitted by direct contact or by aerosolized microdroplets
  • intranasal superior to parenteral
36
Q

Other canine non-core vaccines

A
  • parainfluenza
  • borreliosis
  • measles
  • canine influenza
  • rattlesnake
  • coronavirus
  • canine adenovirus type 1
37
Q

FVRCP (feline viral rhinotracheitis)

A

Feline herpesvirus - 1

  • cause 40-45% of feline upper respiratory infecitons
  • causes conjunctivitis with coughing/sneezing
  • 80% latency, 50% recrudesce with stress
  • high morbidity, low mortality
  • vax decreases clinical signs
38
Q

FVR recommendations

A

Cats can persistently shed virus

  • prevention before exposure is key!
  • MLV or killed vax at 6-9 weeks old (right front)
39
Q

FVRCP (feline calicivirus)

A

Non-enveloped RNA virus

  • more likely to cause oral ulceration
  • 20-30% cats chronic carriers (shed virus continuously)
  • high morbidity, low mortality
40
Q

FVRCP (panleukopenia)

A

Feline infectious enteritis

  • feline parvovirus (intestinal crypts, bone marrow affected)
  • cerebellum and retina affected in fetal and neonatal kittens (cerebellar hypoplasia)
  • long lasting immunity if affected
  • low morbidity, high mortality
41
Q

Feline rabies recommendations

A

Initial vaccine at 12 weeks with recombinant vaccine

  • distal right hind limb
  • give recombinant vaccine annually
42
Q

FeLV

A

Feline leukemia virus

  • retrovirus (horizontal and vertical transmission)
  • develop age-related immunity, more common to become viremic when <2 yrs old
  • friendly cat disease
  • vaccine is one of the top 2 associated with the development of vaccine sarcomas
43
Q

FeLV recommendations

A

Recommended to vaccinate when <1 yr and booster in 1 yr

  • viral screening of all kittens with ELISA prior to vaccination
  • use killed or recombinant vax at 1 or 2nd kitten visit
  • left hind limb
  • non - core vaccine for adult cats
44
Q

Feline non-core vaccines

A

Chlamydiosis
- poor vax, adverse effects
Bordetella
- use if exposed to canine outbreak

45
Q

Feline vaccines not recommended

A

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

  • retrovirus spread thru bite wounds
  • causes immunosuppression
  • SNAP test commonly used for diagnosis is for antibodies to FIV, so vaccinated animals are positive
46
Q

Vaccinating older animals

A

Can mount an adequate immune response

  • 2 vaccinations given 3-4 weeks apart are considered protective in animals >16 weeks
  • one MLV would likely be protective
  • duration of immunity has been shown to be up to >5 yrs for many core products
47
Q

Adverse reactions

A

Feline injection site sarcomas

  • avoid adjuvants
  • 3-2-1 rule: persists for longer than 3 months, greater than 2 cm, increases in size after 1 month
48
Q

Dogs core vaccine summary

A
  • distemper (R or MLV)
  • adenovirus-2 (MLV)
  • parvovirus-2 (MLV)
  • rabies (K)
49
Q

Dogs non-core vaccine summary

A
  • bordetella (K or ML)
  • parainfluenza (MLV)
  • lyme disease (K or R)
  • leptospira (K)
  • influenza (K)
50
Q

Dogs not recommended summary

A
  • coronavirus (K, MLV, or R)

- giardia lambila (K)

51
Q

Cats core vaccine summary

A
  • herpesvirus-1 (K+A or MLV)
  • calicivirus (K+A or MLV)
  • panleukopenia (K+A or MLV)
  • rabies (K or R)
  • kitten feline leukemia virus (K + A or R)
52
Q

Cats non-core vaccine summary

A
  • bordetella (ML)
  • adult feline leukemia virus (K+A, or R)
  • feline immunodeficiency virus (K+A)
  • chlamydophila felis (K+A, ML)
53
Q

Cats not recommended summary

A
  • feline infectious peritonitis (MLV)

- feline giardia lamblia (K+A)

Immunology (28 decks)

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