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Vaccine Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Goal of vaccines

A

Stimulate an immune response in an animal in order to provide protection against infectious disease

  • prevent disease
  • decrease disease severity/frequency
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2
Q

Vaccines stimulate/mimic ______

A

Adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What type of immunity is important for virus immunity?

A

Humoral immunity

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4
Q

Vaccine targets

A

Extracellular pathogens
- targeted by humoral immunity (affected by B cells)
Intracellular pathogens
- targeted by cell-mediated immune response (affected by T cells)
Biological toxins
- antibodies mark toxin for destruction

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5
Q

Characteristics of the perfect vaccine

A
  • safe
  • protective
  • provides long-lasting effects
  • induces formation of protective antibodies
  • induces formation of protective T cells
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6
Q

Passive immunization

A

Transfer of ready-made antibodies to an individual

  • provides immediate humoral protection
  • does not induce an immune response from host (no memory)
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7
Q

Passive clinical examples

A
  • rabies post-exposure prophylaxis
  • tetanus
  • antivenin
  • plasma transfusions
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8
Q

Passive immunization via transfer of maternal antibodies

A

Passive transfer of maternal antibody through placenta
Ingestion of colostrum via initial suckling
- GIT has maximal permeability to proteins from 0-4 hrs, closes by approx 24 hrs

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9
Q

Pro of maternal antibodies

A

Provides immediate protection of the neonate against pathogens and lasts for 6-16 weeks of age

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10
Q

Con of maternal antibodies

A

Interferes with vaccination of neonate via binding of maternal antibody to the antigen in the vaccine (neutralizaiton)
- aka immunity gap

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11
Q

Passive immunization strategy

A

Administer multiple, sequential vaccines to puppies and kittens until at least 16 weeks of age

  • 1st vaccine: initial response takes 10-14 days with max response at 3 weeks
  • 2nd vaccine: leads to immunological memory
  • 3rd and 4th vaccine: stronger and more rapid memory
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12
Q

Immunity gap

A

Maternal antibody can interfere with vaccination even when level of antibodies is not sufficient to protect against pathogens

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13
Q

Killed vaccines

A

Organism is completely inactivated

- may require adjuvant to stimulate immune system

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14
Q

Modified-live vaccines

A

Organism is modified to a less virulent state (attenuated)

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15
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

Introduce genes into an attenuated vector organism

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16
Q

Gene deletion

A

Method of attenuation to change virulence

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17
Q

Purified subunit

A

Genes from pathogen inserted into non-pathogenic bacteria, which then produce the protein that can be harvested and used as a vaccine

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18
Q

Vectored

A

Incorporates immunogenic genomic regions from pathogen into attenuated nonpathogenic virus

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19
Q

DNA vaccines

A

Insert pathogen DNA into a plasmid and inject into patient

- DNA is then transcribed and translated in the patient to proteins that prime immune system

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20
Q

Pros of modified live vaccines

A
  • rapid and prolonged protection
  • stimulates CMI and long-lived humoral immune response
  • reduced allergenicity
  • stimulates secretory antibody
  • lower antigen mass needed
  • single dose effectiveness
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21
Q

Cons of modified live vaccines

A
  • no preservatives for storage
  • requires multiplication in host
  • susceptible to inactivation
  • risk of reversion to virulence
  • can produce vaccine-induced illness in immuosuppressed hosts
  • vaccinates can shed into environment
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22
Q

Pros of killed vaccines

A
  • no reversion to virulence
  • stability in storage
  • increased immunity with added adjuvants
  • safe in immunosuppressed animals
  • vaccinates do not shed organisms
23
Q

Cons of killed vaccines

A
  • stimulates humoral immunity
  • minimum of 2 doses needed for protection
  • increased risk of allergic complications
  • shorter duration of immunity
  • adjuvants frequently required
  • Ag may not induce proper Ab if too denatured
24
Q

Adjuvants

A

Substances that enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines

  • stimulate cell-mediated immunity
  • used with killed organisms or purified antigens
  • attempts to increase duration and amount of immunostimulation equal to MLVs
  • produces heightened inflammatory reaction
25
Vaccine associated sarcomas in cats
Underlying theme of sarcoma development = inflammation - caused by any injection - cold vaccines
26
Vaccine recommendations in cats
- inform O of risks and carefully recommend vaccines | - use minimally inflammatory products
27
Appropriate vaccination sites
Rabies: low on the lateral right hindlimb (below stifle) FeLV: low on the lateral left hindlimb (below stifle) FPV/FHV-1/FCV: lateral aspect of right forelimb below elbow
28
Core vaccines
- infection has high risk of morbidity and mortality - infections are of public health concern - infections are readily transmitted - infections are ubiquitous in environment Use when: safe, efficacious vaccines are available, and vaccines prevent infection or decrease clinical signs
29
DA2P (parvo)
``` Parvovirus (CORE vaccine) Highly contagious and usually fatal if untreated - fecal oral route - survive in environment > 1 year - attacks rapidly dividing cells ```
30
DA2P (distemper)
Highly contagious, can be fatal - causes multisystemic disease in unvaccinated animals (respiratory, neurologic, GI) - transmitted thru all bodily secretions, most commonly aerosol or droplet exposure
31
DA2P (canine adenovirus type-1)
Infectious canine hepatitis - potentially fatal, but almost eradicated - liver, kidneys, and eye targeted * vaccinate with type-2 (A2) which usually causes respiratory signs) - vaccination with CAV-1 led to blue eye
32
Rabies
Core vaccine - can infect any mammalian species thru saliva - low morbidity, 100% mortality if symptomatic - zoonotic - vaccine mandatory by law
33
Canine non-core vaccines
- vaccine may have limited efficacy - disease not readily transmitted - limited geographic distribution or prevalence - disease is mild - vaccines may interfere with diagnostic screening
34
Leptospirosis
Non-core - bacterial pathogen causing acute hepatic and renal disease - transmitted thru urine
35
Bordetella
Non-core - bacterial pathogen causing infectious tracheobronchitis along with canine parainfluenza - transmitted by direct contact or by aerosolized microdroplets - intranasal superior to parenteral
36
Other canine non-core vaccines
- parainfluenza - borreliosis - measles - canine influenza - rattlesnake - coronavirus - canine adenovirus type 1
37
FVRCP (feline viral rhinotracheitis)
Feline herpesvirus - 1 - cause 40-45% of feline upper respiratory infecitons - causes conjunctivitis with coughing/sneezing - 80% latency, 50% recrudesce with stress - high morbidity, low mortality - vax decreases clinical signs
38
FVR recommendations
Cats can persistently shed virus - prevention before exposure is key! - MLV or killed vax at 6-9 weeks old (right front)
39
FVRCP (feline calicivirus)
Non-enveloped RNA virus - more likely to cause oral ulceration - 20-30% cats chronic carriers (shed virus continuously) - high morbidity, low mortality
40
FVRCP (panleukopenia)
Feline infectious enteritis - feline parvovirus (intestinal crypts, bone marrow affected) - cerebellum and retina affected in fetal and neonatal kittens (cerebellar hypoplasia) - long lasting immunity if affected - low morbidity, high mortality
41
Feline rabies recommendations
Initial vaccine at 12 weeks with recombinant vaccine - distal right hind limb - give recombinant vaccine annually
42
FeLV
Feline leukemia virus - retrovirus (horizontal and vertical transmission) - develop age-related immunity, more common to become viremic when <2 yrs old - friendly cat disease - vaccine is one of the top 2 associated with the development of vaccine sarcomas
43
FeLV recommendations
Recommended to vaccinate when <1 yr and booster in 1 yr - viral screening of all kittens with ELISA prior to vaccination - use killed or recombinant vax at 1 or 2nd kitten visit - left hind limb - non - core vaccine for adult cats
44
Feline non-core vaccines
Chlamydiosis - poor vax, adverse effects Bordetella - use if exposed to canine outbreak
45
Feline vaccines not recommended
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus - retrovirus spread thru bite wounds - causes immunosuppression - SNAP test commonly used for diagnosis is for antibodies to FIV, so vaccinated animals are positive
46
Vaccinating older animals
Can mount an adequate immune response - 2 vaccinations given 3-4 weeks apart are considered protective in animals >16 weeks - one MLV would likely be protective - duration of immunity has been shown to be up to >5 yrs for many core products
47
Adverse reactions
Feline injection site sarcomas - avoid adjuvants - 3-2-1 rule: persists for longer than 3 months, greater than 2 cm, increases in size after 1 month
48
Dogs core vaccine summary
- distemper (R or MLV) - adenovirus-2 (MLV) - parvovirus-2 (MLV) - rabies (K)
49
Dogs non-core vaccine summary
- bordetella (K or ML) - parainfluenza (MLV) - lyme disease (K or R) - leptospira (K) - influenza (K)
50
Dogs not recommended summary
- coronavirus (K, MLV, or R) | - giardia lambila (K)
51
Cats core vaccine summary
- herpesvirus-1 (K+A or MLV) - calicivirus (K+A or MLV) - panleukopenia (K+A or MLV) - rabies (K or R) - kitten feline leukemia virus (K + A or R)
52
Cats non-core vaccine summary
- bordetella (ML) - adult feline leukemia virus (K+A, or R) - feline immunodeficiency virus (K+A) - chlamydophila felis (K+A, ML)
53
Cats not recommended summary
- feline infectious peritonitis (MLV) | - feline giardia lamblia (K+A)

Immunology (28 decks)

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