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Immunology > Autoimmunity > Flashcards

Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Failure of self-tolerance to eliminate self-reactive T and B lymphocytes into circulation
- presentation of an auto-antigen by APC allowing excessive activation of T cells

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2
Q

The key to autoimmunity is the ______

A

Loss of self tolerance

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3
Q

Immunological self tolerance

A

Ability to tolerate self-antigens that encompass the tissues of the body

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4
Q

Central tolerance

A

Immature T cells

- must pass positive and negative selection in the thymus before entering the periphery

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5
Q

Positive selection

A

Occurs in the thymic cortex

  • immature T cell must prove that it has a TCR capable of interacting with a peptide antigen presented by MHC
  • T cells that do not pass die by apoptosis
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6
Q

Negative selection

A

Occurs in the thymic medulla

  • immature T cell must prove that it’s TCR is not capable of responding to self-antigens with high affinity
  • cells interact with thymic DC that contain self-proteins
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7
Q

TCRs ____ a high affinity for self-proteins pass the test

A

Without!

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8
Q

Maturation of B cells

A

Immature B cells undergo similar process to negative selection
- derive in the bone marrow, final stages occur in extramedullary locations (ex: Peyer’s patches)

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9
Q

Receptor editing

A

Interaction of BCR with self-antigens may lead to deletion or gene rearrangements and expression of a new BCR
- if new BCR is NOT self reactive, cell maturation will continue

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10
Q

Peripheral tolerance

A

Occurs in peripheral lymphoid organs

- cells that escape central censorship are controlled by apoptosis and Tregs

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11
Q

Tregs

A

Regulatory cells that suppress immune responses of other cells

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12
Q

T cell activation

A
  • Tc: destruction of target cell (NK and cytotoxic T cells)
  • Th1: IL-2, IFN-gamma
  • Thj2: IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-14
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13
Q

B cell activation

A

Plasma cells –> antibody secretion

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14
Q

Autoimmune diseases may involve

A

Specific organs or multiple body systems and both humoral and cellular mechanisms of tissue damage

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15
Q

Organ specific

A

Immune reactions to a specific tissue antigen

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16
Q

Non-organ specific

A

Immune response to dispersed antigens which leads to systemic deposition of immune complexes

17
Q

Autoimmune diseases are more common in ____

A

Dogs

  • less common in cats/horses
  • sporadic in production animals
18
Q

Autoimmunity causes

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • infectious diseases
  • predisposing factors (age, gender, etc)
  • drugs, vaccines
  • environmental
  • hormonal influences
  • cancer
19
Q

Primary

A

Absence of any identifiable trigger factor

  • idiopathic
  • true immune mediated disease
  • diagnosis of exclusion
20
Q

Secondary

A

Underlying trigger factor

- need to get rid of secondary cause to treat

21
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Removes old erythrocytes in the liver and spleen

- identifies antibodies against membrane bound antigens

22
Q

IMHA

A

Premature destruction of erythrocytes

  • immune response directly/indirectly targets RBCs
  • anti-RBC antibodies bind to RBC membrane
23
Q

Primary IMHA

A

Predominant form

  • idiopathic
  • immune response to self-antigens –> antibodies cover RBC –> gets destroyed by macrophages
24
Q

Extravascular hemolysis

A

Secondary

  • antibodies are directed against foreign antigens located inside RBC
  • end product is the same as primary = RBC destruction
25
Q

MIcroorganisms

A

Infects or attaches to membrane of host cell

  • cell surface expression of microbial antigen
  • appropriate immune response
  • non specifically destroys the host cell
26
Q

Secondary immune-mediated disease causes

A
  • inflammation
  • infection
  • neoplasia
  • drugs
  • tick borne infection
  • post vaccination
  • bee sting
27
Q

Infectious triggers

A

Most significant trigger for autoimmunity

  • immediately after infection or lag time
  • viral infection: activation of numerous clones of B cells, or non specifically activate B cells and autoantibodies
28
Q

Drugs and vaccines

A

Act as a hapten, binds to membrane of a cell to form a target of an immune response
- may modify the structure of a self-protein

29
Q

Secondary immune mediated treatment

A

Treat underlying condition

  • supportive care
  • immunosuppressive therapy
30
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

Genetic etiology is perpetuated in a population

- gene most strongly linked to autoimmunity - MHC, presenting self-antigens to auto-reactive T cells

31
Q

Intravascular hemolysis

A

Antibodies AND complement coats the RBC = osmotic cell lysis

Immunology (28 decks)

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