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Immunology > Inherited and Acquired Immune Deficiencies > Flashcards

Inherited and Acquired Immune Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune system

A
  • anatomic and physical barriers

- phagocytic cells (macrophages, DC, neutrophils)

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2
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Recognizes/eliminates pathogens

  • lymphocyte is major cell type
  • T and B cells
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3
Q

Primary immunodeficiency diseases

A

Inherited defect for immune system components

- disease due to defect in particular protein or glycoprotein

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4
Q

Features of primary immunodeficiency

A
  • affects a particular breed
  • occurs in young littermates
  • chronic recurrent infections
  • infections of multiple body sites
  • failure of infections to respond to standard antibiotic therapy
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5
Q

Primary immunodeficiency classifications

A
  • dominant
  • recessive: most common
  • x linked
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6
Q

X linked immunodeficiency

A

Recessive X linked defect

  • males affected
  • females are carriers
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7
Q

Dominant immunodeficiency

A

Anyone inheriting the abnormal allele is affected

- are less severe and cause a reduction in function rather than a loss of function

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8
Q

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Autosomal recessive
- seen in Irish Red and White Setters
- neutrophils do not express integrin surface molecules, so they do not stick to endothelial cells
= bacteria in tissues survive and multiply more readily

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9
Q

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency highpoints

A
  • persistent infection with extracellular bacteria

- infection cannot be cleared due to defective neutrophil function

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10
Q

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency symptoms

A

Puppies present with recurrent infections

  • tend to have a high WBC count
  • short lived response to antibiotics
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11
Q

SCID in foals

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

  • arabian foals
  • autosomal recessive
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12
Q

SCID pathophysiology

A

Affected foals lack functional B and T cells

- incapable of producing antigen specific immune response

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13
Q

SCID genetics

A

Deletion in gene encoding a DNA-dependent protein kinase
- kinase is essential for T and B cells to complete gene rearrangements, which encode for surface antigen-specific receptor complexes

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14
Q

SCID foal symptoms

A

Foals appear normal at birth

  • time of onset is determined by extent of transfer of passive immunity and extent of exposure to pathogens
  • foals become susceptible as maternal immunity wears off
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15
Q

Most SCID affected foals present with ____ infections

A

Respiratory

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16
Q

SCID diagnosis

A
  • blood work: show severely depressed lymphocyte count
  • undetectable IgM concentrations by 3-4 weeks
  • need to DNA test to confirm
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17
Q

No 2 _____ horses should be bred when trying to prevent SCIDS

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

X linked SCID

A

Males

  • bassett hounds and corgis
  • peripheral T cell lymphopenia
  • B cells do not undergo isotype switching to IgG
  • reduced production of NK cells
19
Q

XSCID genetics

A

Mutation in gene encoding for IL-2 receptor

  • dysfunctional IL-2 receptor
  • defect in T cell function and development
20
Q

XSCID clinical presentation

A

Appear normal at birth due to maternal antibodies

  • failure to thrive
  • increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections
21
Q

IgA deficiency in dogs

A

Recurrent upper respiratory infections, with occasional otitis and dermatitis

22
Q

IgA deficiency pathophysiology

A

Infection begins in the first few month of life

  • can also be present in adults
  • 20% of dogs diagnosed before 1 yr will revert to normal by 12-18 months
  • 90% of dogs diagnosed after 1 yr will remain with the disease
23
Q

C3 deficiency

A

Reported in Brittany Spaniels

  • autosomal recessive
  • homozygous with no detectable C3
  • heterozygous with 50% normal C3 and animals are clinically normal
24
Q

C3 is important for ____

A

Opsonizing bacteria

25
Q

C3 deficiency clinical signs

A

Only seen in homozygous dogs

  • increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
  • supportive treatment
26
Q

Cyclic hematopoiesis in Gray Collie

A

Autosomal recessive disorder

- severe cyclic neutropenia, platelet mediated bleeding, recurrent bacterial infection, coat dilutional color

27
Q

Cyclic hematopoiesis clincial

A

Arrest of hematopoiesis at regular 11-14 day intervals

  • neutropenia lasts 3-4 days and is followed by neutrophilia
  • dogs rarely live past neonatal period
28
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency diseases

A

Develop due to a secondary problem, not from immune defect at birth

  • causes: infectious agents, drugs, and endocrine diseases
  • horses: failure of passive transfer
29
Q

HIV

A

RNA virus

  • transferred via body fluids
  • causes slow progressing diseases
30
Q

HIV pathophysiology

A

Virus recognizes and binds to CD4 = cell entrance and replication of virus
- leads to infection of CD4+ T cells = activation and production of infectious virions

31
Q

What cell types express CD4?

A

Macrophages, DC, and CD4+ T cells

32
Q

HIV causes a slow decline of _____

A

CD4+ T cells and progression to AIDS

33
Q

CD4+ cells have a critical role in promoting and maintaining ______

A

Cell mediated and humoral immune responses

34
Q

What are the first sites of infection for HIV?

A

Oral and respiratory tracts

35
Q

FIV

A

Lentevirus transmitted by cat bites

  • initial viral replication and decline in CD4+ T cells = acute phase of infection
  • progress to latent asymptomatic period followed by decline in CD4+ T cell numbers
36
Q

FIV pathophysiology

A

With decreased CD4+ cells you get cytokine alterations and progressive immune dysfunction develop
- failing immune system allows for opportunistic infections, neoplasia, and wasting

37
Q

_____ is common in FIV infected cats

A

Lymphoma

38
Q

FIV management

A
  • keep indoors and separated
  • regular exams with blood work
  • if sick, prompt identification of the secondary illness with treatment
39
Q

Canine parvovirus

A

DNA virus

- trophism for rapidly dividing cells (GIT, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues)

40
Q

Parvo timeline

A

Infection in GIT –> enteritis –> intestinal crypt necrosis, increased permeability and decreased absorption –> diarrhea –> mild = recovory OR severe = secondary infection and sepsis (DIC, death)

41
Q

Infection in bone marrow

A

Destruction of leukocyte and lymphoid precursors –> neutropenia and lymphopenia = secondary immunosuppression –> secondary bacterial infections (bacteremia and septicemia)

42
Q

Parvo clinical signs

A

Sudden onset of foul-smelling, bloody diarrhea

  • vomiting
  • fever
  • ADR
43
Q

Parvo treatment

A
  • restore fluid and electrolyte balance
  • prevent secondary infections
  • control secondary complications
44
Q

Secondary non-infectious causes of immunosuppression

A
  • failure of passive transfer
  • marrow diseases
  • endocrine diseases
  • immunosuppressive agents
  • chemotherapy

Immunology (28 decks)

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