Inherited and Acquired Immune Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune system

A
  • anatomic and physical barriers

- phagocytic cells (macrophages, DC, neutrophils)

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2
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Recognizes/eliminates pathogens

  • lymphocyte is major cell type
  • T and B cells
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3
Q

Primary immunodeficiency diseases

A

Inherited defect for immune system components

- disease due to defect in particular protein or glycoprotein

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4
Q

Features of primary immunodeficiency

A
  • affects a particular breed
  • occurs in young littermates
  • chronic recurrent infections
  • infections of multiple body sites
  • failure of infections to respond to standard antibiotic therapy
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5
Q

Primary immunodeficiency classifications

A
  • dominant
  • recessive: most common
  • x linked
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6
Q

X linked immunodeficiency

A

Recessive X linked defect

  • males affected
  • females are carriers
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7
Q

Dominant immunodeficiency

A

Anyone inheriting the abnormal allele is affected

- are less severe and cause a reduction in function rather than a loss of function

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8
Q

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Autosomal recessive
- seen in Irish Red and White Setters
- neutrophils do not express integrin surface molecules, so they do not stick to endothelial cells
= bacteria in tissues survive and multiply more readily

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9
Q

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency highpoints

A
  • persistent infection with extracellular bacteria

- infection cannot be cleared due to defective neutrophil function

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10
Q

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency symptoms

A

Puppies present with recurrent infections

  • tend to have a high WBC count
  • short lived response to antibiotics
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11
Q

SCID in foals

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

  • arabian foals
  • autosomal recessive
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12
Q

SCID pathophysiology

A

Affected foals lack functional B and T cells

- incapable of producing antigen specific immune response

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13
Q

SCID genetics

A

Deletion in gene encoding a DNA-dependent protein kinase
- kinase is essential for T and B cells to complete gene rearrangements, which encode for surface antigen-specific receptor complexes

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14
Q

SCID foal symptoms

A

Foals appear normal at birth

  • time of onset is determined by extent of transfer of passive immunity and extent of exposure to pathogens
  • foals become susceptible as maternal immunity wears off
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15
Q

Most SCID affected foals present with ____ infections

A

Respiratory

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16
Q

SCID diagnosis

A
  • blood work: show severely depressed lymphocyte count
  • undetectable IgM concentrations by 3-4 weeks
  • need to DNA test to confirm
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17
Q

No 2 _____ horses should be bred when trying to prevent SCIDS

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

X linked SCID

A

Males

  • bassett hounds and corgis
  • peripheral T cell lymphopenia
  • B cells do not undergo isotype switching to IgG
  • reduced production of NK cells
19
Q

XSCID genetics

A

Mutation in gene encoding for IL-2 receptor

  • dysfunctional IL-2 receptor
  • defect in T cell function and development
20
Q

XSCID clinical presentation

A

Appear normal at birth due to maternal antibodies

  • failure to thrive
  • increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections
21
Q

IgA deficiency in dogs

A

Recurrent upper respiratory infections, with occasional otitis and dermatitis

22
Q

IgA deficiency pathophysiology

A

Infection begins in the first few month of life

  • can also be present in adults
  • 20% of dogs diagnosed before 1 yr will revert to normal by 12-18 months
  • 90% of dogs diagnosed after 1 yr will remain with the disease
23
Q

C3 deficiency

A

Reported in Brittany Spaniels

  • autosomal recessive
  • homozygous with no detectable C3
  • heterozygous with 50% normal C3 and animals are clinically normal
24
Q

C3 is important for ____

A

Opsonizing bacteria

25
C3 deficiency clinical signs
Only seen in homozygous dogs - increased susceptibility to bacterial infections - supportive treatment
26
Cyclic hematopoiesis in Gray Collie
Autosomal recessive disorder | - severe cyclic neutropenia, platelet mediated bleeding, recurrent bacterial infection, coat dilutional color
27
Cyclic hematopoiesis clincial
Arrest of hematopoiesis at regular 11-14 day intervals - neutropenia lasts 3-4 days and is followed by neutrophilia - dogs rarely live past neonatal period
28
Secondary immunodeficiency diseases
Develop due to a secondary problem, not from immune defect at birth - causes: infectious agents, drugs, and endocrine diseases - horses: failure of passive transfer
29
HIV
RNA virus - transferred via body fluids - causes slow progressing diseases
30
HIV pathophysiology
Virus recognizes and binds to CD4 = cell entrance and replication of virus - leads to infection of CD4+ T cells = activation and production of infectious virions
31
What cell types express CD4?
Macrophages, DC, and CD4+ T cells
32
HIV causes a slow decline of _____
CD4+ T cells and progression to AIDS
33
CD4+ cells have a critical role in promoting and maintaining ______
Cell mediated and humoral immune responses
34
What are the first sites of infection for HIV?
Oral and respiratory tracts
35
FIV
Lentevirus transmitted by cat bites - initial viral replication and decline in CD4+ T cells = acute phase of infection - progress to latent asymptomatic period followed by decline in CD4+ T cell numbers
36
FIV pathophysiology
With decreased CD4+ cells you get cytokine alterations and progressive immune dysfunction develop - failing immune system allows for opportunistic infections, neoplasia, and wasting
37
_____ is common in FIV infected cats
Lymphoma
38
FIV management
- keep indoors and separated - regular exams with blood work - if sick, prompt identification of the secondary illness with treatment
39
Canine parvovirus
DNA virus | - trophism for rapidly dividing cells (GIT, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues)
40
Parvo timeline
Infection in GIT --> enteritis --> intestinal crypt necrosis, increased permeability and decreased absorption --> diarrhea --> mild = recovory OR severe = secondary infection and sepsis (DIC, death)
41
Infection in bone marrow
Destruction of leukocyte and lymphoid precursors --> neutropenia and lymphopenia = secondary immunosuppression --> secondary bacterial infections (bacteremia and septicemia)
42
Parvo clinical signs
Sudden onset of foul-smelling, bloody diarrhea - vomiting - fever - ADR
43
Parvo treatment
- restore fluid and electrolyte balance - prevent secondary infections - control secondary complications
44
Secondary non-infectious causes of immunosuppression
- failure of passive transfer - marrow diseases - endocrine diseases - immunosuppressive agents - chemotherapy