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Immunology > Large Animal Vaccine Strategies > Flashcards

Large Animal Vaccine Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

Herd health components

A
  • biosecurity
  • management
  • vaccination program
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2
Q

Biosecurity

A

Measures that you take on your farm to limit exposure to disease

  • quarantine
  • testing and culling
  • introduction of new genetics from known/safe sources
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3
Q

Vaccination does not always equal ______

A

Immunizaiton

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4
Q

Factors that influence a vaccination program

A
  • economics
  • location (exposure)
  • management
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5
Q

Crucial aspects of vaccine use

A
  • correct administration
  • quality assurance
  • following the instructions
  • timing more important than product
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6
Q

Administering cattle vaccinations

A

Follow BQA guidelines

  • split vaccines on each side of the animal
  • use sub q over IM
  • use lower doses
  • MLV products go low
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7
Q

Killed vaccines

A
  • relatively stable
  • require an adjuvant
  • stimulate humoral response via antibody production
  • booster response
  • good protection for extracellular pathogens
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8
Q

Modified live vaccines

A
  • require careful handling
  • rapid long lasting protection
  • stimulate cell mediated immunity
  • better for intracellular pathogens
  • booster not required
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9
Q

Vaccine handling

A
  • keep refrigerated
  • change needles frequently (10-15 head)
  • MLV: sensitive to UV light, temp, disinfectants
  • change needle before refilling syringe
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10
Q

Vaccine failures

A

Perception of failure: disease was incubating, misdiagnosis, no time for protective immune response

  • problem with vaccine
  • how it was administered
  • host did not respond properly: maternal antibody blockage, immune suppression
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11
Q

Prevention of infection

A

Products able to prevent all colonization or replication of the challenge organism in vaccinated and challenged animals

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12
Q

Prevention of disease

A

Products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals

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13
Q

Aid in disease prevention

A

Prevent disease in vaccinated and challenged animals by a clinically significant amount which may be less than that required to support a claim of disease prevention

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14
Q

Aid in disease control

A

Products that have been shown to alleviate disease severity, reduce disease duration, or delay disease onset

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15
Q

7 or 8 way clostridial

A
  • killed vaccine
  • cows and calves
  • clostridial myonecrosis
  • blackleg and malignant edema
  • requires a booster
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16
Q

5 way viral respiratory vaccine

A

Killed and MLV products available

- respiratory disease and pregnancy wastage

17
Q

5 way MLV respiratory vaccines

A
  • careful in naive animals (reduced fertility)
  • can cause disease
  • may be administered to pregnant cattle provided they were vaccinated, with this specific vaccine within the past 12 months
18
Q

5 way leptospirosis

A

Infertility and pregnancy wastage

  • killed products
  • duration of immunity short lived
  • separate or combos
19
Q

Cow-calf producer

A

Goal is 1 calf every 12 months

  • gestation: 283 days
  • weaned at 6-8 months
  • calves sold to stocker
  • reproduction is key to income
20
Q

Prebreeding

A 
Cows
- 5 way MLV respiratory 
- lepto with campylobacter
Calves
- castrate and tag
21
Q

Preweaning

A
  • 4-6 weeks prior to weaning

- initial calf vaccines (5 way MLV respiratory vaccine, clostridial vaccine)

22
Q

Weaning

A 
Cows
- 5 way MLV or K
- clostridial vaccine
- lepto
Calves
- booster vaccines
23
Q

Backgrounder/stocker operation

A

Calves under stress

  • commingling at the market
  • unknown vaccine status
  • recently weaned
  • high disease morbidity
  • vaccinated on arrival: 5 way MLV respiratory, clostridial, booster in 4-6 weeks
24
Q

Core equine vaccinations

A
  • eastern/western equine encephalitis
  • west nile virus
  • tetanus
  • rabies
25
Q

Equine vaccination

A

Risk based

  • important, common, rarely fatal: influenza, equine herpes-1, strep
  • regional: potomac horse fever, equine viral arteritis, botulism, rotavirus, lepto
26
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

  • spores enter body via wounds, hematomas, and foal umbilicus
  • fatal
  • need to be immunized annually (only killed vax)
  • should be boostered in it has been 3 months since vax at time of surgery/injury
27
Q

Encephalomyelitis

A

3 viruses: eastern, western, and west nile virus

  • uniform inflammation of spinal cord and brain
  • ataxia, depression, tremors, and seizures
28
Q

Eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis

A
  • only killed vaccines

- must vaccinate at least twice a year, if close to coast then 3 times a year

29
Q

West nile virus

A
  • vaccinate 1-2 times yearly (recombinant)

- vaccinate 2-3 times yearly (killed)

30
Q

Rabies

A

Killed product, no booster required

31
Q

Equine herpes virus

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

  • spread via inhalation
  • manifested in 3 diseases: respiratory, reproductive, and neurologic
32
Q

Equine herpes virus immunizations

A
  • killed and MLV
  • vaccinate 2-3 times yearly depending on exposure
  • none labeled to protect against neurological form
33
Q

Equine influenza

A

Spread via inhalation

- signs: sudden onset of high fever, cough, and serous nasal discharge

34
Q

Equine influenza vaccinations

A
  • killed and MLV
  • vaccinated twice yearly
  • closed herd: influenza vaccination is not a must for horses that are not traveling and farms that have no new additions
35
Q

Strangles

A

Streptococcus equi

  • highly contagious bacterial disease
  • fever, swollen lymph nodes, purulent nasal discharge
  • killed and intranasal MLV
  • vaccinate twice yearly

Immunology (28 decks)

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