Large Animal Vaccine Strategies Flashcards
Herd health components
- biosecurity
- management
- vaccination program
Biosecurity
Measures that you take on your farm to limit exposure to disease
- quarantine
- testing and culling
- introduction of new genetics from known/safe sources
Vaccination does not always equal ______
Immunizaiton
Factors that influence a vaccination program
- economics
- location (exposure)
- management
Crucial aspects of vaccine use
- correct administration
- quality assurance
- following the instructions
- timing more important than product
Administering cattle vaccinations
Follow BQA guidelines
- split vaccines on each side of the animal
- use sub q over IM
- use lower doses
- MLV products go low
Killed vaccines
- relatively stable
- require an adjuvant
- stimulate humoral response via antibody production
- booster response
- good protection for extracellular pathogens
Modified live vaccines
- require careful handling
- rapid long lasting protection
- stimulate cell mediated immunity
- better for intracellular pathogens
- booster not required
Vaccine handling
- keep refrigerated
- change needles frequently (10-15 head)
- MLV: sensitive to UV light, temp, disinfectants
- change needle before refilling syringe
Vaccine failures
Perception of failure: disease was incubating, misdiagnosis, no time for protective immune response
- problem with vaccine
- how it was administered
- host did not respond properly: maternal antibody blockage, immune suppression
Prevention of infection
Products able to prevent all colonization or replication of the challenge organism in vaccinated and challenged animals
Prevention of disease
Products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals
Aid in disease prevention
Prevent disease in vaccinated and challenged animals by a clinically significant amount which may be less than that required to support a claim of disease prevention
Aid in disease control
Products that have been shown to alleviate disease severity, reduce disease duration, or delay disease onset
7 or 8 way clostridial
- killed vaccine
- cows and calves
- clostridial myonecrosis
- blackleg and malignant edema
- requires a booster
5 way viral respiratory vaccine
Killed and MLV products available
- respiratory disease and pregnancy wastage
5 way MLV respiratory vaccines
- careful in naive animals (reduced fertility)
- can cause disease
- may be administered to pregnant cattle provided they were vaccinated, with this specific vaccine within the past 12 months
5 way leptospirosis
Infertility and pregnancy wastage
- killed products
- duration of immunity short lived
- separate or combos
Cow-calf producer
Goal is 1 calf every 12 months
- gestation: 283 days
- weaned at 6-8 months
- calves sold to stocker
- reproduction is key to income
Prebreeding
Cows - 5 way MLV respiratory - lepto with campylobacter Calves - castrate and tag
Preweaning
- 4-6 weeks prior to weaning
- initial calf vaccines (5 way MLV respiratory vaccine, clostridial vaccine)
Weaning
Cows - 5 way MLV or K - clostridial vaccine - lepto Calves - booster vaccines
Backgrounder/stocker operation
Calves under stress
- commingling at the market
- unknown vaccine status
- recently weaned
- high disease morbidity
- vaccinated on arrival: 5 way MLV respiratory, clostridial, booster in 4-6 weeks
Core equine vaccinations
- eastern/western equine encephalitis
- west nile virus
- tetanus
- rabies
Equine vaccination
Risk based
- important, common, rarely fatal: influenza, equine herpes-1, strep
- regional: potomac horse fever, equine viral arteritis, botulism, rotavirus, lepto
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
- spores enter body via wounds, hematomas, and foal umbilicus
- fatal
- need to be immunized annually (only killed vax)
- should be boostered in it has been 3 months since vax at time of surgery/injury
Encephalomyelitis
3 viruses: eastern, western, and west nile virus
- uniform inflammation of spinal cord and brain
- ataxia, depression, tremors, and seizures
Eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis
- only killed vaccines
- must vaccinate at least twice a year, if close to coast then 3 times a year
West nile virus
- vaccinate 1-2 times yearly (recombinant)
- vaccinate 2-3 times yearly (killed)
Rabies
Killed product, no booster required
Equine herpes virus
EHV-1 and EHV-4
- spread via inhalation
- manifested in 3 diseases: respiratory, reproductive, and neurologic
Equine herpes virus immunizations
- killed and MLV
- vaccinate 2-3 times yearly depending on exposure
- none labeled to protect against neurological form
Equine influenza
Spread via inhalation
- signs: sudden onset of high fever, cough, and serous nasal discharge
Equine influenza vaccinations
- killed and MLV
- vaccinated twice yearly
- closed herd: influenza vaccination is not a must for horses that are not traveling and farms that have no new additions
Strangles
Streptococcus equi
- highly contagious bacterial disease
- fever, swollen lymph nodes, purulent nasal discharge
- killed and intranasal MLV
- vaccinate twice yearly
