Large Animal Vaccine Strategies

Question 1

Herd health components

Answer 1

• biosecurity
• management
• vaccination program

Question 2

Biosecurity

Answer 2

Measures that you take on your farm to limit exposure to disease

• quarantine
• testing and culling
• introduction of new genetics from known/safe sources

Question 3

Vaccination does not always equal ______

Answer 3

Immunizaiton

Question 4

Factors that influence a vaccination program

Answer 4

• economics
• location (exposure)
• management

Question 5

Crucial aspects of vaccine use

Answer 5

• correct administration
• quality assurance
• following the instructions
• timing more important than product

Question 6

Administering cattle vaccinations

Answer 6

Follow BQA guidelines

• split vaccines on each side of the animal
• use sub q over IM
• use lower doses
• MLV products go low

Question 7

Killed vaccines

Answer 7

• relatively stable
• require an adjuvant
• stimulate humoral response via antibody production
• booster response
• good protection for extracellular pathogens

Question 8

Modified live vaccines

Answer 8

• require careful handling
• rapid long lasting protection
• stimulate cell mediated immunity
• better for intracellular pathogens
• booster not required

Question 9

Vaccine handling

Answer 9

• keep refrigerated
• change needles frequently (10-15 head)
• MLV: sensitive to UV light, temp, disinfectants
• change needle before refilling syringe

Question 10

Vaccine failures

Answer 10

Perception of failure: disease was incubating, misdiagnosis, no time for protective immune response

• problem with vaccine
• how it was administered
• host did not respond properly: maternal antibody blockage, immune suppression

Question 11

Prevention of infection

Answer 11

Products able to prevent all colonization or replication of the challenge organism in vaccinated and challenged animals

Question 12

Prevention of disease

Answer 12

Products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals

Question 13

Aid in disease prevention

Answer 13

Prevent disease in vaccinated and challenged animals by a clinically significant amount which may be less than that required to support a claim of disease prevention

Question 14

Aid in disease control

Answer 14

Products that have been shown to alleviate disease severity, reduce disease duration, or delay disease onset

Question 15

7 or 8 way clostridial

Answer 15

• killed vaccine
• cows and calves
• clostridial myonecrosis
• blackleg and malignant edema
• requires a booster

Question 16

5 way viral respiratory vaccine

Answer 16

Killed and MLV products available

- respiratory disease and pregnancy wastage

Question 17

5 way MLV respiratory vaccines

Answer 17

• careful in naive animals (reduced fertility)
• can cause disease
• may be administered to pregnant cattle provided they were vaccinated, with this specific vaccine within the past 12 months

Question 18

5 way leptospirosis

Answer 18

Infertility and pregnancy wastage

• killed products
• duration of immunity short lived
• separate or combos

Question 19

Cow-calf producer

Answer 19

Goal is 1 calf every 12 months

• gestation: 283 days
• weaned at 6-8 months
• calves sold to stocker
• reproduction is key to income

Question 20

Prebreeding

Answer 20

Cows
- 5 way MLV respiratory 
- lepto with campylobacter
Calves
- castrate and tag

Question 21

Preweaning

Answer 21

• 4-6 weeks prior to weaning

- initial calf vaccines (5 way MLV respiratory vaccine, clostridial vaccine)

Question 22

Weaning

Answer 22

Cows
- 5 way MLV or K
- clostridial vaccine
- lepto
Calves
- booster vaccines

Question 23

Backgrounder/stocker operation

Answer 23

Calves under stress

• commingling at the market
• unknown vaccine status
• recently weaned
• high disease morbidity
• vaccinated on arrival: 5 way MLV respiratory, clostridial, booster in 4-6 weeks

Question 24

Core equine vaccinations

Answer 24

• eastern/western equine encephalitis
• west nile virus
• tetanus
• rabies

Question 25

Equine vaccination

Answer 25

Risk based - important, common, rarely fatal: influenza, equine herpes-1, strep - regional: potomac horse fever, equine viral arteritis, botulism, rotavirus, lepto

Question 26

Tetanus

Answer 26

Clostridium tetani - spores enter body via wounds, hematomas, and foal umbilicus - fatal - need to be immunized annually (only killed vax) - should be boostered in it has been 3 months since vax at time of surgery/injury

Question 27

Encephalomyelitis

Answer 27

3 viruses: eastern, western, and west nile virus - uniform inflammation of spinal cord and brain - ataxia, depression, tremors, and seizures

Question 28

Eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis

Answer 28

- only killed vaccines | - must vaccinate at least twice a year, if close to coast then 3 times a year

Question 29

West nile virus

Answer 29

- vaccinate 1-2 times yearly (recombinant) | - vaccinate 2-3 times yearly (killed)

Question 30

Rabies

Answer 30

Killed product, no booster required

Question 31

Equine herpes virus

Answer 31

EHV-1 and EHV-4 - spread via inhalation - manifested in 3 diseases: respiratory, reproductive, and neurologic

Question 32

Equine herpes virus immunizations

Answer 32

- killed and MLV - vaccinate 2-3 times yearly depending on exposure - none labeled to protect against neurological form

Question 33

Equine influenza

Answer 33

Spread via inhalation | - signs: sudden onset of high fever, cough, and serous nasal discharge

Question 34

Equine influenza vaccinations

Answer 34

- killed and MLV - vaccinated twice yearly - closed herd: influenza vaccination is not a must for horses that are not traveling and farms that have no new additions

Question 35

Strangles

Answer 35

Streptococcus equi - highly contagious bacterial disease - fever, swollen lymph nodes, purulent nasal discharge - killed and intranasal MLV - vaccinate twice yearly