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Immunology > Transfusions and Blood Groups > Flashcards

Transfusions and Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

IMHA treatment

A
  • remove underlying cause
  • immunosuppressive therapy
  • anticoagulant therapy
  • supportive care
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2
Q

Transfusion

A

Process of receiving blood products into one’s own circulation

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3
Q

Types of blood products

A
  • fresh whole blood
  • packed red blood cells
  • fresh frozen plasma
  • platelet concentrates
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4
Q

Indications for transfusions

A
  • anemia: hemorrhage, hemolysis, non-regenerative
  • disorders of hemostasis/coagulation
  • deficiencies of plasma components
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5
Q

RBC transfusions

A
  • any cause of life-threatening anemia
  • acute hemorrhage
  • hemolysis
  • severe non-regenerative anemia
  • neonatal isoerythrolysis
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6
Q

Blood groups

A

Inherited antigens on RBC surface

  • species specific
  • vary in immunogenicity and clinical significance
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7
Q

RBC antigens

A
  • contribute to self recognition

- elicit the production of antibodies when introduced to an animal whose RBCs lack that antigen

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8
Q

Canine blood types

A

Dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) system

  • 1.1, 1.2 - 8
  • 1.1, and 1.2 are considered important in transfusion medicine (produce the greatest immune response)
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9
Q

DEA 1.1

A

Extremely antigenic

  • DEA 1.1 positive express the antigen
  • 42% of dogs
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10
Q

What is the first antibody class that is synthesized by the primary immune response

A

IgM

- efficient at binding complement

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11
Q

What is produced during a secondary immune response?

A

IgG

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12
Q

Red cell alloantibodies

A

IgM, IgG, or IgE antibodies that could cause hypersensitivity reactions to blood products

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13
Q

Do dogs have naturally occurring alloantibodies?

A 
NO
Requires sensitization (transfusion) for alloantibodies to develop
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14
Q

Transfusion with similar DEA antigens and no alloantibodies

A

Less likely to mount an immune response

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15
Q

Transfusion with recipient positive DEA 1.1 and donor negative DEA 1.1

A

DEA 1.1 negative does not express 1.1 antigen, so less likely to mount an immune response

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16
Q

Transfusion with recipient negative DEA 1.1 and donor positive DEA 1.1

A

Will become sensitized and produce an anti-DEA 1.1 alloantibody
- does not happen immediately

17
Q

Previously transfused patients

A

At risk for developing transfusion reactions

- risk complement destroying transfused blood immediately (acute hemolysis)

18
Q

Blood typing

A

RBC antigens and plasma antibody interaction can be used to assess compatibility

19
Q

Agglutination

A

Antibody-mediated clumping of cells that express antigen on their surface

20
Q

Will the very first transfusion a dog receives cause a reaction?

A

No, since there are no antibodies free floating in the body at this point

21
Q

Major crossmatch

A

Determine compatibility between donor and recipient

  • donor RBCs are incubated with recipient serum and observed for agglutination or hemolysis
  • if no agglutination/hemolysis then you are safe to transfuse
22
Q

Minor crossmatch

A

Compatibility: donor plasma and recipient

23
Q

Feline blood types

A

3 main blood types

  • A
  • B
  • AB
24
Q

Feline type A

A

Predominant blood type

  • varies with breed and location
  • type B: devon rex, and british shorthair
25
Q

Do cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies?

A

Yes

  • some A cats have antibodies against B blood
  • MOST B cats have antibodies against A blood
26
Q

What happens if you give a B recipient A type blood?

A

Will get an immediate hemolytic response

27
Q

Actue hemolytic transfusion reactions

A

Develops when transfused RBCs interact with preformed circulating antibodies in the recipient that are naturally occurring or acquired
- can activate complement and cytokines = systemic inflammatory response

28
Q

AHTRs

A
  • reaction severity is directly related to number of RBCs destroyed
  • dogs: reactions are predominantly IgG
  • cats: reactions are predominantly IgM
29
Q

AHTR clinical signs

A
  • fever
  • restlesness
  • salivation
  • incontinence
  • shock
30
Q

Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions

A
  • temperature increase associated with a transfusion without other explanation
  • leukocyte derived cytokine and/or circulating anti-leukocyte antibodies in the recipient

Immunology (28 decks)

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