Vaccine Delivery Flashcards
What is one of the greatest achievements of biomedical science and public health?
vaccines
How long did it take to eradicate small pox?
nearly 200 years
it can take a long time to eradicate disease even with a vaccine, some like the flu have not been eradicated due to mutations
What is a conventional prophylactic vaccine?
vaccination is a process of induction of immunity to a pathogen by injection of a weakened, modified or related form of the pathogen which is no longer pathogenic
What are the two types of traditional vaccines?
killed organisms or their components
attenuated organisms
-different organism
-different culture condition
-selection of non-virulent variants
What are the types of biotechnology-based vaccines?
organisms with specific mutations or deletions
recombinant protein vaccines
recombinant DNA
messenger RNA
synthetic peptides
plant vaccines
What is the future of vaccines?
therapeutic vaccines
tolerogenic vaccines
What is a therapeutic vaccine?
refers to the stimulation of an immune response in an individual who is already infected and has already mounted an immune response to the organism
What is a tolerogenic vaccine?
tolerization against ‘self-antigens’ in autoimmune diseases (MS, RA, T1DM)
tolerization against transplanted organs
What are primary lymphoid organs?
provide a site for lymphocytes to develop from a lymphoid stem cell
-bone marrow: B cell maturation
-thymus: T cell maturation
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
sites where lymphocytes are most active
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-mucosal lymphoid tissue (lung, gut)
What are the principles of vaccination?
vaccination
primary antibody response
natural infection
secondary antibody response
What is the immunologists secret?
protein antigen does induce a productive immune response
-to generate an effective immune response the antigen must be injected in the presence of adjuvant
What is the role of an adjuvant?
to “awaken” the adaptive immune system
activate antigen presenting cells
initiate cytokine secretion
How do dendritic cells differentiae between nonself and self?
by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the invading microbes
since these molecules are not produced by mammalian cells, they are perceived by DCs as the ‘molecular signatures’ of infection
What are the potential advantages of using adjuvants in vaccine formulations?
enhance immunogenicity of weak antigens
reduce amount of antigen or frequency of immunizations required to provide protective immunity
improve the efficacy of the vaccines in individuals with reduced or weakened immune response
