Biomarkers Flashcards
What is a biomarker?
a defined characteristic that is measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to an exposure or intervention, including therapeutic interventions
True or false: a biomarker is an assessment of how an individual feels, functions, or survives
false
What are the types of biomarkers?
molecular biomarkers
radiographic (imaging) biomarkers
histological biomarkers
physiological biomarkers
What are molecular biomarkers?
molecules measured in biological samples
-small molecules, proteins, DNAs and RNAs
What are radiographic (imaging) biomarkers?
a characteristic derived from medical images
What are histological biomarkers?
reflecting biochemical or molecular changes in cells, tissues or fluids
What are physiological biomarkers?
measurement of body processes
What is an example of a histological biomarker?
cancer staging
-GX: grade cannot be assessed
-G1: well-differentiated (low grade)
-G2: moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
-G3: poorly differentiated (high grade)
-G4: undifferentiated (high grade)
What is an example of a physiological biomarker?
blood pressure
What are the properties of an ideal biomarker?
sensitive and specific
correlate to clinical outcome
quantifiable
personalized management
cost effective
stratify the risk to progression
What are the biomarker categories?
susceptibility/risk
diagnostic
monitoring
prognostic
predictive
pharmacodynamic/response
safety
What is a susceptibility/risk biomarker?
indicating the potential of developing a disease or medical condition
-the individual does not currently have any clinically diagnosed disease or medical condition
Which category of biomarker do susceptibility biomarkers share many properties with?
prognostic biomarkers
What is the difference between susceptibility biomarkers and prognostic biomarkers?
prognostic biomarker is used for an individual who already has been diagnosed with a particular disease
What is a diagnostic biomarker?
used to detect or confirm a disease or medical condition
used to identify individuals with a subtype of the disease
What is FoundationOne Liquid CDx?
a companion diagnostic tool
only FDA approved blood-based test to analyze over 300 genes
What are examples of diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimers?
B-amyloid
phospho-tau
What is a monitoring biomarker?
measured repeatedly to assess the status of a disease or medical condition
-disease progression
-response towards a treatment
can be used for individual or population level surveillance of a disease
What are examples of monitoring biomarkers?
CA125 (ovarian cancer)
PSA (prostate cancer)
What is a prognostic biomarker?
used to identify the likelihood of health outcome in patients who have already diagnosed with the disease or medical condition
-without the involvement of therapy
True or false: a prognostic biomarker predicts the response to treatment
false
What is an example of a prognostic biomarker?
ERBB2 (HER2)
What is a predictive biomarker?
used to identify individuals who are more likely to respond towards a treatment than those without the biomarker
-selecting patients for a particular treatment and assessing the most likely response
-predict whether a drug will have the intended effect
-forecast the extent of effectiveness or toxicity
What is an example of a predictive biomarker?
ERBB2 (HER2)
What is a pharmacodynamic/response biomarker?
indicate that a drug interacts with its target and impacts its biological/pharmacological functions
-its level changes in response to treatment
-guide dosing or continued use of a drug
What is an example of a pharmacodynamic/response biomarker?
blood pressure
What is a safety biomarker?
measured before and after a medical treatment
indicating the likelihood, presence or extend of toxicity
-identifying patients who should avoid a particular therapy
What is an example of a safety biomarker?
SCr
What are pharmacogenomic biomarkers?
demonstrate inter-individual genetic differences on the PK, PD, efficacy, and safety of drug treatments
What is an example of a pharmacogenomic biomarker?
CYP enzymes
