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PHAR211 > Biomarkers > Flashcards

Biomarkers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a biomarker?

A

a defined characteristic that is measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to an exposure or intervention, including therapeutic interventions

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2
Q

True or false: a biomarker is an assessment of how an individual feels, functions, or survives

A

false

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3
Q

What are the types of biomarkers?

A

molecular biomarkers
radiographic (imaging) biomarkers
histological biomarkers
physiological biomarkers

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4
Q

What are molecular biomarkers?

A

molecules measured in biological samples
-small molecules, proteins, DNAs and RNAs

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5
Q

What are radiographic (imaging) biomarkers?

A

a characteristic derived from medical images

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6
Q

What are histological biomarkers?

A

reflecting biochemical or molecular changes in cells, tissues or fluids

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7
Q

What are physiological biomarkers?

A

measurement of body processes

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8
Q

What is an example of a histological biomarker?

A

cancer staging
-GX: grade cannot be assessed
-G1: well-differentiated (low grade)
-G2: moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
-G3: poorly differentiated (high grade)
-G4: undifferentiated (high grade)

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9
Q

What is an example of a physiological biomarker?

A

blood pressure

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10
Q

What are the properties of an ideal biomarker?

A

sensitive and specific
correlate to clinical outcome
quantifiable
personalized management
cost effective
stratify the risk to progression

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11
Q

What are the biomarker categories?

A

susceptibility/risk
diagnostic
monitoring
prognostic
predictive
pharmacodynamic/response
safety

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12
Q

What is a susceptibility/risk biomarker?

A

indicating the potential of developing a disease or medical condition
-the individual does not currently have any clinically diagnosed disease or medical condition

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13
Q

Which category of biomarker do susceptibility biomarkers share many properties with?

A

prognostic biomarkers

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14
Q

What is the difference between susceptibility biomarkers and prognostic biomarkers?

A

prognostic biomarker is used for an individual who already has been diagnosed with a particular disease

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15
Q

What is a diagnostic biomarker?

A

used to detect or confirm a disease or medical condition
used to identify individuals with a subtype of the disease

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16
Q

What is FoundationOne Liquid CDx?

A

a companion diagnostic tool
only FDA approved blood-based test to analyze over 300 genes

17
Q

What are examples of diagnostic biomarkers for Alzheimers?

A

B-amyloid
phospho-tau

18
Q

What is a monitoring biomarker?

A

measured repeatedly to assess the status of a disease or medical condition
-disease progression
-response towards a treatment
can be used for individual or population level surveillance of a disease

19
Q

What are examples of monitoring biomarkers?

A

CA125 (ovarian cancer)
PSA (prostate cancer)

20
Q

What is a prognostic biomarker?

A

used to identify the likelihood of health outcome in patients who have already diagnosed with the disease or medical condition
-without the involvement of therapy

21
Q

True or false: a prognostic biomarker predicts the response to treatment

A

false

22
Q

What is an example of a prognostic biomarker?

A

ERBB2 (HER2)

23
Q

What is a predictive biomarker?

A

used to identify individuals who are more likely to respond towards a treatment than those without the biomarker
-selecting patients for a particular treatment and assessing the most likely response
-predict whether a drug will have the intended effect
-forecast the extent of effectiveness or toxicity

24
Q

What is an example of a predictive biomarker?

A

ERBB2 (HER2)

25
Q

What is a pharmacodynamic/response biomarker?

A

indicate that a drug interacts with its target and impacts its biological/pharmacological functions
-its level changes in response to treatment
-guide dosing or continued use of a drug

26
Q

What is an example of a pharmacodynamic/response biomarker?

A

blood pressure

27
Q

What is a safety biomarker?

A

measured before and after a medical treatment
indicating the likelihood, presence or extend of toxicity
-identifying patients who should avoid a particular therapy

28
Q

What is an example of a safety biomarker?

A

SCr

29
Q

What are pharmacogenomic biomarkers?

A

demonstrate inter-individual genetic differences on the PK, PD, efficacy, and safety of drug treatments

30
Q

What is an example of a pharmacogenomic biomarker?

A

CYP enzymes

PHAR211 (16 decks)

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