Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR211 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

a branch of biomedical sciences concerns with immunity or immune system
study of host defence against infection and disorders of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

a complex network of organs, tissues, cells and molecules that protect the body against infections and other diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the organs and tissues of the immune system?

A

bone marrow
spleen
thymus
tonsils
mucous membranes
skin
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the cells of the immune system?

A

lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK cells)
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)
monocytes/macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is immunity?

A

ability of the body to prevent invasion of pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria and fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe innate (non-adaptive) immunity.

A

first line immune response (present at birth)
relying on mechanisms that exist before infections
rapid (within minutes) but non-specific
inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Described acquired (adaptive) immunity.

A

second line immune response
T-cells and B-cells involved
developed from immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the cells involved in innate immunity?

A

natural killer cells
dendritic cells
mast cells
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

cytotoxic, kill infected cells and cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells?

A

antigen-presenting, important to acquired immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A

rich in histamine and heparin, possess antibacterial and antiparasitic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

patrol for microbial infection and one of the first responders to the site of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of basophils?

A

fight parasite infections and mediate allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

possess antibacterial and antiparasitic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis and present antigens along with dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

damage-associated molecular patterns
-endogenous molecules released from damaged and dying cells during infection and inflammation, such as high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and heat shock proteins (HLPs)
-interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is detecting missing-self?

A

recognizing molecules expressed in healthy cells but not in infected cells/pathogens
inhibiting innate immune response against host cells/tissues
mainly via NK cells

18
Q

What is MHC?

A

major histocompatibility complex, essential for acquired immunity

19
Q

Describe MHC class I.

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
identified in all nucleated cells
present normal self-antigens and foreign pathogen antigens to cytotoxic T cells

20
Q

Describe MHC class II.

A

HLA-DP, HLA-DM, HLA-DOA, HLA-DOB, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
identified in macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
present foreign pathogen antigens to T helper cells

21
Q

What is the structure of MHC class I and class II?

A

class I:
-heterodimer
-antigen binding pocket is on alpha unit (smaller than II)
-anchor attached to alpha unit
class II:
-binding pocket is on units and larger
-anchor is attached to both units

22
Q

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

A

cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity

23
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity.

A

antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells
release cytokines in response to the antigen
do not involve antibodies
kill infected cells

24
Q

Describe humoral immunity.

A

B cells
mediated by secreted antibodies
attack and neutralize antigens outside cells
prevent microbial penetration into body cells

25
Q

Where are T-cells made and matured?

A

bone marrow: hematopoietic stem cells –> lymphoid progenitor cells (migrate to thymus)
thymus: lymphoid progenitor cells –> functional T-cells with specific markers (such as TCR, CD4 and CD8)

26
Q

Differentiate CD4 and CD8.

A

CD4:
-helper T cells
-secrete cytokines to stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
CD8:
-cytotoxic T cells
-bind and kill infected cells and cancer cells

27
Q

How are cytotoxic T cells activated?

A

activated by simultaneous interactions of surface molecules between cytotoxic T cell and APC –> T cell proliferation
first activation signal: interaction between TCR of cytotoxic T cell and MHC I molecule of APC
second activation signal: interaction between CD28 of cytotoxic T cell and CD80/CD86 of APC

28
Q

What are CD80 and CD86?

A

co-stimulators of T cell activation

29
Q

What are regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

A

specialized subgroup of T cells
-CD4+, CD25+, FOXP3+
-different from helper T cells

30
Q

What is the role of Tregs?

A

supress immune response
inhibit T-cell proliferation and cytokine production
maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance
prevent autoimmune disease
promote cancer development and progression by inhibiting anticancer immunity within the TME

31
Q

What is the role of B-cells?

A

provide humoral immunity
recognize specific antigens and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells
plasma cells secrete antibodies binding to specific antigens on microbes
destroy microbes and block them from entering into body cells
some B-cells evolve into memory B-cells

32
Q

How are B-cells activated?

A

activated when B-cell receptor (BCR) binds to antigen
T-cell dependent activation
T-cell independent activation
memory B-cell activation

33
Q

How are memory B-cells activated?

A

activated by different pathogens
differentiate into long-lived plasma cells to secrete antibodies
re-enter GCs to relinquish memory B cell pool

34
Q

Describe antibodies.

A

belong to gamma-globulin fraction of serum proteins
Y-shaped
five classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

35
Q

Describe IgA.

A

monomeric in serum
dimeric in GIT and respiratory tract
important first line of defence against infections
inhibits bacterial growth and neutralize bacterial toxins
neutralize viruses

36
Q

Describe IgD.

A

monomeric
usually co-expressed with IgM
activate B-cells, basophils and mast cells
target mucosal antigens –> enhance mucosal immunity

37
Q

Describe IgE.

A

monomeric
mediate type I hypersensitivity
provide immunity against helminth infections

38
Q

Describe IgG.

A

~75% of serum antibodies –> main type of antibody
monomeric
produced after IgM
bind different types of antigens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi
four subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4
-IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 can cross placenta
-newborns: having same Ab as mother in first 6 months

39
Q

Describe IgM.

A

largest antibody
pentameric
first antibody produced for humoral immunity response
respond to many antigens
mainly produced from spleen and bone marrow
may also present as hexamers –> physiological function unknown

40
Q

Describe mAb production via hybridoma technology.

A

fusion of B-cells and myeloma cells
-B cells: antibody production
-myeloma cell: longevity and reproduction

PHAR211 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions