Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Drug Delivery > Vaccine Delivery 1 > Flashcards

Vaccine Delivery 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how vaccines work

A

Vaccines contain antigens
Antigens trigger a primary immune response
T cells and B memory cells are then produced for the specific pathogen
Upon reinfection with the same pathogen a faster secondary immune response is triggered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the effect of a vaccine permanent?

A

Immunity may not be permanent
Booster vaccine may be required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the characteristics of an ideal vaccine

A

Stimulate immune response with causing symptoms of disease
Be effective in everyone
Cheap to produce
Easy to manufacture
Be stable
Be available as oral preparation

(However this does not exist, lol , Pharmacy L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the advantages of the Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin Vaccine)

A

Easily administered (oral)
Protects against infection of wild type polio
Promotes antibody production in the GI tract
Cheap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin Vaccine)

A

Risk of contracting polio from the vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the components of the innate immune system

A

Skin - physical barrier + fatty acid secretion

Mucous membranes - Mucociliary Clearance

Blood - phagocytes

Ears - lysozymes hydrolyse pathogen cell wall

Stomach - stomach acid is unsuitable environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the immune response when a pathogen enters the body (5 main points)

A
  1. Bacterial replication causes tissue damage
  2. Cell damage causes activation of local lymphocytes
  3. Pathogens are recognised by T cells
  4. B cells produce antibodies
  5. Antibodies bind to surface receptors on pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cells are involved in the humoral response

A

B cells
Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cells are involved in the cell mediated response

A

T cells
e.g. Helper T cells and Killer T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are immunoglobulins also known as

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

4 polypeptides
- 2 identical heavy chains
- 2 identical light chains

Held together by disulphide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the variable region of an antibody determine

A

What antigen the antigen binding site will bind to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are antibody-antigen complexes removed from the body

A

Removed by phagocytosis by macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which class of antibodies is mainly involved in primary response

A

IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which class of antibodies is mainly involved in secondary response

A

IgG
(Higher binding affinity to the antigen)

17
Q

What are the 3 problems with the immune response?

A

Autoimmunity - body cannot distinguish self and non-self antigens
Immunodeficiency - inadequate immune response
Hypersensitivity - overactive response to certain antigens

18
Q

What are the 2 types of immunisations?

A

Active immunisation and Passive immunisation

19
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

Stimulation of immune response through deliberate exposure to a pathogen
With the aim of forming immunity to the antigen

20
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Introducing pre-formed antibodies to a specific pathogen
Does not evoke immune response

21
Q

List the 5 main vaccine types

A

Inactivated
Attenuated
Subunit
DNA/RNA
Toxoids

22
Q

Give an example of each type of vaccine

A

Inactivated - hepatitis A
Attenuated - MMR
Subunit - Streptococcus Pneumoniae
DNA/RNA - IM injection of DNA/RNA which encodes for viral pathogen
Toxoids - Tetanus

23
Q

How does an inactivated virus work?

A

Immune system sense virus but the virus is unable to replicate and spread as it has been ‘killed’

24
Q

How do subunit vaccines work?

A

Made of H and/or N proteins only
H and N proteins are able to generate an immune response

25
Q

How does a DNA vaccine work?

A

Gene for H protein is isolated
It is injected into human body
Human cells then produce H protein
Generates immune response to H protein

26
Q

What is the difference between a RNA and DNA vaccine?

A

RNA is one step ahead
DNA vaccines need to be decoded in the nucleus
RNA vaccines are processed directly in the cytosol

27
Q

What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?

A

To help provoke an early, long-lasting immune response with less vaccine

28
Q

What are the benefits of using an adjuvant in a vaccine?

A

Reduce cost (reduces amount of antigen require)
Reduce need for boosters (provides long lasting response)

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of an adjuvant?

A

Enhance the passage of the antigen to the local node
+
Depot effect - prolong the delivery of the antigen

30
Q

Name a commonly used adjuvant for a vaccine

A

Aluminium Salt e.g. AlOH3

31
Q

What are the issues with aluminium salts as adjuvants?

A

Cannot be frozen, have to be refrigerated (more expensive)
Can interact with the antigen
Vaccine cannot be used on a mucosal membrane
Do not work with all antigens

Advanced Drug Delivery (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions