Vaccine Flashcards
Vaccine Definition
suspension containing antigenic molecules (weakened or killed) given to stimulate an ACTIVE immune response to an infectious disease
- induce b-cell proliferation
- Aby production
- T cell sensitization
-Induces Adaptive/Acquired immunity
Immunizations Definition
process by which the immune system becomes prepared to fight off antigens, this includes active and passive immunity
_____ can be _____, but ______ isn’t always _______.
vaccine can be an immunization, but an immunization isnt always a vaccine.
Vaccines are active immunity whereas immunizations may be either active or passive immunity.
Prophylaxis Definition
measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease.
ex. abx to prevent infection
Titer Def
*Aby titer
- measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in solution.
- measures the presence and amount of Abys in blood. Aby level in blood is a reflection of your past exposure to an Ag.
Herd Immunity Def
immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of the population provides protection for individuals who have not developed immunity
Herd immunity threshold
% of pop. vaccinated at which herd immunity is induced.
Types of immunizations: Active: -Explain how this works. -WHen does meaningful immunity occur? Passive: -Explain how this works.
Active: ANTIGEN administered (live, killed, protein derivative, or toxin) that causes the body to produce its own Abys providing long term memory.
-2-4wks after vaccination
Passive: ABY administered resulting in immediate protective immunity, short term (3-6 mo), dont create memory
Classification of Vaccines
Live attenuated: weakened from the “wild virus”, must replicate for efficacy, response similar to natural infection
Inactivated:
- Whole: virus or bacteria = dead
- Fractional:
- -protein based=toxoid(tetanus) or subunit products
- -polysaccharide-based= pure cell wall polysacchride from bacteria or conjugate (polysaccharide is chemically linked to protein)
*conjugation helps w/ greater T cell sensitization
Disadvantages of live attenuated Vaccines
- slight possibility that live attenuated vaccine could mutate and become virulent.
- not for everyone, those with autoimmune system abnormalities cannot get live vaccine.
Example populations of those who should not receive live vaccine
pregnancy cancer HIV transplant Immunodeficiency (SCID) Immunosuppressive drugs (chronic steroids)
Types of Live Attenuated Vaccines
Viral: MMR Varicella/Zoster Rotavirus Intranasal influenza *oral polio
Bacterial
Disadvantages of Inactivated Vaccines
cannot replicate
not as effective as live
require 3-5 doses
mostly humoral response
Aby titer may diminish
Require booster shots
What are the whole cell inactivated Vaccines?
Viral= polio, Hep A, rabies
Bacterial=none
What are the fractional inactivated vaccines?
Subunit= Hep B. Influenza, acellular pertussis, HPV, anthrax
Toxoid= diptheria, tetanus
